_posts/2016-02-29-informing-the-future-of-the-federal-front-door.md
---
title: "Informing the future of the Federal Front Door"
date: 2016-02-29
authors:
- colinmacarthur
- carolyn
- michelle-chronister
- yuda
tags:
- federal front door
- user research
- best practices
- web design system
- user-centered design
excerpt: "Today, we’re publishing a full report with findings from our research on the Federal Front Door, as well as a microsite that will contain future research findings related to these topics. In the coming days, we’ll also be publishing the complete report on the 18F blog."
description: "Today, we’re publishing a full report with findings from our research on the Federal Front Door, as well as a microsite that will contain future research findings related to these topics. In the coming days, we’ll also be publishing the complete report on the 18F blog."
image: /assets/blog/federal-front-door/ffd-microsite.jpg
---
In our [last
post](https://blog.usa.gov/learning-how-to-build-a-better-front-door-for-the-federal-government),
we introduced the Federal Front Door project and briefly described a
six-week discovery phase, in which we set out to better understand how
the general public feels about and interacts with the federal
government, so that we can design and build products that improve
people’s experience across government agencies.
We think of the federal front door as the places the public first
interacts with their government. There are many front doors — agency
websites (like [benefits.gov](https://www.benefits.gov/)), physical places
(like Social Security offices), contact centers (like 1-844-USA-GOV1) —
where people start interacting with the government.
Today, we’re publishing [a full
report](https://labs.usa.gov/#research-report) with findings from our
research, as well as [a microsite](https://labs.usa.gov/) that will
contain future research findings related to these topics. In the coming
days, we’ll also be publishing the complete report on the 18F blog.
## What we did
We conducted 35 interviews of roughly 45 minutes and 29 short intercept
interviews in Jacksonville, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, and
Sacramento. We also collected 52 diary entries from seven diary study
participants.
What we learned
---------------
We found:
- People depend on others for help (proxies), but services are not set up to support this
- The government is a black box
- Choice overload is a problem
- People trust the government to varying degrees, based on the context of their interaction
- People make a cost-benefit assessment before interacting with government
- Agencies may be able to share users’ information under certain circumstances
We discovered three distinct barriers that prevent the public from
having a pleasant interaction with the government:
- Capacity—Lack of public servants to handle the number of people interacting with federal agencies.
- Digital Infrastructure—Systems do not cross agency barriers and assist the public with getting through forms and process.
- Volume of people seeking government information or services—The sheer number of people attempting to interact with the government on the daily basis causes many bottlenecks and issues.
This post provides an overview of these findings. Additional information
and findings is
[published](https://labs.usa.gov/files/FFD_ResearchReport_0216.pdf)
(pdf) and will be published in a series on our blog over the next two
weeks.
### Proxies
People rely on friends and family for help and guidance during major
life events or through difficult processes. People most likely to rely
on others include seniors, non-native English speakers, and people with
a disability.
When someone experiences a major life change, their friends and family
will offer them advice on what to do, including on what government
benefits they should apply for.
This relationship extends to getting help with difficult government
interactions. For example, someone may help their Spanish-speaking
parents file their taxes every year.
When social networks break down for people, they are more likely to slip
through the cracks. Many low-income seniors or seniors with disabilities
have no social networks, and as such have no one to help them access
online government services.
People will also ask librarians, senior center staff, and other agency
staff to help with online applications, but in many cases those
‘helpers’ are forbidden to help these people by their employer’s policy.
When government officials refuse to talk to a proxy about a person’s
case, that person is often stymied in their efforts to access government
services.
### Black box of government
The general public wants to be able to “see” the process when
interacting with federal agencies and programs. This includes knowing
when their information has been received, reviewed, and overall clarity
into why the process takes as long as it does. People expect to wait,
but the reasons why and the causes for delay continue to be a mystery.
When people know how their information is going to be used and why it’s
needed, they are more comfortable providing personal information to the
federal government. In addition, if eligibility requirements were
clearly explained, people would be better prepared and only apply for
programs that fit their need.
When people interact with the federal government, typically there is a
lot of pressure on their shoulders. The source of this pressure could be
the life event that is triggering the interaction. The pressure also
comes from the idea that people only get one shot to get their paperwork
right, that there are negative consequences for doing something wrong,
and their request is being treated as a potentially fraudulent rather
than coming from a place of real need.
### Choice overload
Sometimes, the government gives people:
- Choices that have so many options, it’s hard to know which is the best to pick (e.g. picking a Medicare Part C plan).
- Choices where it’s hard to figure out the consequences of picking a particular option (e.g. choosing an age at which to start drawing on Social Security).
People like having choices; they just struggle to make the best choice
in these situations. They want to know which choices align with their
goals and understand the trade-offs between them.
### Trust
Trust is a two way street and includes both the public trusting the
government and the government trusting the public.
We should assume real need and positive intent when designing services.
Many people felt like interactions with government employees and
agencies, as well as digital services, assume they have negative
intentions or they are lying, lazy, or a criminal.
People employ a variety of strategies before deciding to trust a
government digital service. They look for https, .gov, official logos,
and/or specific language like “this is an official government website.”
Others do not differentiate between government services and private
companies or think government websites cannot be spoofed and fall victim
to scams. We need to consider how we can help people spot official
websites and services.
### Cost-benefit tradeoff
<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="{{site.baseurl}}/assets/blog/federal-front-door/image01.jpg" alt="A two-by-two grid showing how people think when confidence is plotted against resilience. When confidence and resilience are both high, people "will keep trying until a goal is achieved." When confidence is high but resilience is low, people may apply once but will give up if it doesn't go well. With resilience high and low confidence, people may try a few times but will doubt themselves. And when both resilience and confidence are low, they probably won't apply at all."></div>
Before using a government service or applying for benefits, people
assess the return on investment. They want to know if the time and
effort spent interacting with the government will be worth the benefit.
We can do more to lower the initial investment.
If you are less confident you will get the service you need, you are
less likely to apply for those services. Some people are easily
discouraged and give up after one attempt, while others are resilient
and willing to persevere. This can be based on past experiences with the
government or lack of confidence in their ability to deal with
government bureaucracy.
People are frustrated when the same information is asked multiple times
across agencies, from within the same agency, and across levels of
government.This increases the cost of interacting with the government.
These factors can lead some people to interact with the government
through private companies, like enrolling in Medicare through Kaiser, or
through professionals, like lawyers or funeral homes. Some of these
relationships with private companies are more official and sanctioned,
while others seem to be filling in the gaps.
### Sharing information
Generally speaking, people understand that to interact with the federal
government it will require them to provide certain key pieces of
information to help identify themselves, and additional information that
is required for the specific interaction. How people feel about
providing that information, and how it might be used both for their
current interaction and potential future ones is a bit of a mixed bag.
### Access to personal information
People see the value of sharing their information, however members of
the public would like to opt-in to sharing their information across the
government, manage requests for their information, see who is accessing
their information, and understand that their information is secure and
not being shared outside of the federal government.
### **What’s next?**
GSA has identified several opportunities to improve the public’s
interactions and increase the efficacy and efficiency of service
delivery. We are beginning to explore multiple projects which include
ways to:
**Broaden the draft U.S. Web Design Standards to include best practices
for transparent service design, trust, and accessibility.**
- Include guidance on forms, communicating application status, explaining processes and other ways to open the “black box” of government. This effort will improve the quality of online service delivery, freeing up capacity on more-expensive channels like call centers for those who truly need them.
- Create guidance on multiple methods to create and reinforce user trust in government systems.
- Suggest design patterns for simplifying and clarifying the consequences of important choices.
**Identify and streamline cross-agency services**
- Identify one or more cross-agency services that will serve as good pilot (those that cause the most confusion due to “the black box of government) programs for experimentation with streamlined service delivery and possible shared services.
**Explore innovative means of information dissemination**
- Work with search engines and other private-sector “front doors” to the government to ensure they are surfacing official information and sites when users would find it useful
- Develop materials and design services for trusted advisors and proxies who are often in positions to help users in need
**Foster secure, private information sharing between agencies**
- Define standard schema and APIs to allow seamless sharing of personal information from one agency to another when authorized -- and to limit it to *only* the information that is necessary
- Develop tools to act as middleware between agencies -- so we can develop this once instead of every time two agencies need to share information
- Create or improve existing eligibility-checking tools