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<title>NASA</title>
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<p>La <i lang="en">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</i> est l'agence spatiale américaine.</p>
<p>C'est <time>1958-10-01</time>, suite à la crise de <i>Sputnik</i>, que le <i lang="en">National Aeronautic and
Space Act</i> entérine cette absorption :</p>
<ul>
<li>du <a href="NACA.html">NACA</a></li>
<li>de 3 grands laboratoires de recherche :
<ul>
<li>Langley Aeronautical Laboratory</li>
<li>Ames Aeronautical Laboratory</li>
<li>Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>de 2 petits sites d'essais.</li>
</ul>.
<p>Le tout sous la direction adjointe de <span class="people">Hugh L. Dryden</span> (ancien directeur du NACA).</p>
<section>
<h2>Glennan</h2>
<p>Le docteur T. Keith Glennan est le premier à prendre la tête de l'agence <time>1958-08-19</time>.</p>
<section>
<h3>Le rapport Brookings</h3>
<p><time>1960</time> la NASA commande le <a
href="../region/wa/Brookings/projet/ImplicationsOfPeacefulSpaceActivitiesForHumanAffairs">rapport Brookings</a> :
une étude sur les implications des activités spatiales sur la société, notamment l'eventualité de la découverte
d'une vie extraterrestre, menée par un comité de <a href="../region/wa/Brookings">l'Institut Brookings</a>, dont
fait partie <span class="people">Llyod Viel Berkner</span>. Il est intitulé : <i>Etudes Proposées sur les
Implications des Activités Spatiales Pacifiques sur les Affaires Humaines</i>.
</p>
</section>
<p>Glennan quitte ses fonctions <time>1961-01-20</time>.</p>
</section>
<p>En tant que directeur adjoint, <span class="people">Hugh L. Dryden</span> prend l'interim de l'agence du <time>
1961-01-21</time>, jusque <time>1961-02-14</time>.</p>
<section>
<h2>Webb</h2>
<p>James Edwin Webb reprend la tête de l'agence <time>1961-02-14</time>, jusque <time>1968-10-07</time>.</p>
<section>
<h3>Fuites</h3>
<p><time>1965-09-02</time>, le <a href="/org/us/ic/fbi">FBI</a> a vent par <q>source confidentielle</q> que des
agents de la NASA divulguent clandestinement, hors de leur agence, des "informations maison" relatives aux ovnis.
Ces informations seraient destinées à 2 individus installés à <span class="place">Pittsburgh (Ohio)</span>. Le
dossier du <a href="/org/us/ic/fbi">FBI</a>, précise encore : <q>D'après notre source, ces informations
ex-filtrant de la NASA sont classées "Top Secret". On y apprend par exemple que <span
class="caviar">XXXXX</span> a visionné un film tourné lors de la séparation d'un missile, film sur lequel
apparaît un ovni. Ce même <span class="caviar">XXXXX</span> recommanda aux pilotes du vol <a
href="projet/Gemini">Gemini 4</a> de rester sur le qui-vive car leur vaisseau spatial avait été spécialement
équipé de dispositifs destinés à déceler la présence d'ovnis... </q></p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Paine</h2>
<p>Le docteur Thomas O. Paine dirige l'agence du <time>1969-03-21/1970-09-15</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>LOw</h2>
<p>George Low dirige l'agence du <time>1970-09-16/1971-04-26</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Fletcher</h2>
<p>le docteur James C. Fletcher dirige l'agence du <time>1971-04-27/1977-05-01</time></p>
<p>Vers <time>1973</time> que <span class="people">Maurice Chatelain</span>, ancien technicien responsables des
communications et radar, comme à travailler sur un livre prétendant notamment que les communications du projet <a
href="projet/apollo">Apollo</a> auraient été censurées. Il sortira <time>1975</time>, avec son départ de la
NASA.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Frosch</h2>
<p>le docteur Robert A. Frosch, du <time>1977-06-21/1981-01-20</time></p>
<section>
<h3>Refus d'étude des ovnis</h3>
<p><time>1977-07-21</time>, Frank Press, conseiller scientifique du président <span
class="people">Jimmy Carter</span>, adresse une lettre à Robert Frosch, administrateur de la NASA, pour lui
recommander d'organiser <q>un petit comité d'enquête (...) afin de voir si l'on a trouvé de nouveaux éléments
significatifs</q> depuis le <a
href="/time/1/9/6/8/CondonReport">rapport Condon</a>. Le <time>12-21</time>, Frosch répond qu'il refuse de <q>monter
un effort de recherche ou de réunir un symposium, considérant l'absence de preuves physiques pouvant être
analysées en laboratoire.</q> Cependant, ajoute-il, <q>si, dans le futur, quelque élément de preuve matérielle
est porté à notre attention, il serait entièrement justifié que le laboratoire de la NASA étudie tout
échantillon organique ou inorganique inexpliqué et publie les résultats ; nous sommes prêts à examiner <em>bona
fide</em> une preuve physique provenant de sources crédibles. Nous laissons la porte grande ouverte à une
telle possibilité</q> <span class="source">Sturrock 2001</span>.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Beggs</h2>
<p>James M. Beggs, du <time>1981-07-10/1985-12-04</time></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Fletcher</h2>
<p>Le docteur James C. Fletcher, du <time>1986-05-12/1989-04-08</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Truly</h2>
<p>Richard H. Truly, du <time>1989-05-14/1992-03-31</time></p>
<section>
<h2>Débats sur vidéos</h2>
<p><time>1991-09-15</time>, les caméras de la navette spatiale <i lang="en">Discovery</i> (vol <a
href="/science/crypto/ufo/enquete/dossier/STS48">STS-48</a>) filment, au-dessus de l'Australie occidentale, les
mouvements de mystérieux objets brillants. Le plus spectaculaire de ces objets apparaît vers le haut de l'image,
près de l'horizon terrestre. L'image agrandie montre l'objet qui se déplace vers la gauche avant que l'écran ne
soit illuminé par un éclat de lumière. Puis l'objet change de direction en accélérant. Quelques secondes plus
tard, un autre objet passe devant la caméra et se dirige vers l'espace. Le professeur Jack Kasher, de l'Université
du Nebraska et collaborateur de la NASA, a étudié ces séquences et en a tiré un rapport de 105 pages.
Conclusions :
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Selon la NASA, il s'agissait de cristaux de glace, ce qui est physiquement impossible, car les cristaux de
glace ne pourraient changer de direction d'une telle manière. Nos calculs montrent que si les objets se
situaient à 16 km de la navette, le plus gros a accéléré de 0 à 4023 km/h <time>P1S</time>.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p><span class="people">James E. Oberg</span> a notamment défendu la thèse officielle de la NASA sur cette affaire.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Goldin</h2>
<p><span class="people">Daniel S. Goldin</span>, du <time>1992-04-01/2001-11-17</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Mulville</h2>
<p><span class="people">Daniel Mulville</span>, du <time>2001-11-19/2001-12-21</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>O'Keefe</h2>
<p><span class="people">Sean O'Keefe</span>, du <time>2001-12-21/2005-02-11</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Gregory</h2>
<p><span class="people">Frederick D. Gregory</span>, du <time>2005-02-11/2005-04-14</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Griffin</h2>
<p><span class="people">Michael D. Griffin</span>, du <time>2005-04-14/2009-01-20</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Scolese</h2>
<p><span class="people">Christopher Scolese</span>, du <time>2009-01-20/2009-07-17</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Bolden</h2>
<p><span class="people">Charles Bolden</span>, du <time>2009-07-17/2017-01-20</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Lightfoot</h2>
<p><span class="people">Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.</span>, du <time>2017-01-20/2018-04-23</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Bridenstine</h2>
<p><span class="people">Jim Bridenstine</span>, du <time>2018-04-23/2021-01-20</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Jurczyk</h2>
<p><span class="people">Steve Jurczyk</span>, du <time>2021-01-20/2021-05-03</time>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Nelson</h2>
<p><span class="people">Bill Nelson</span>, à partir du <time>2021-05-03</time>.</p>
<section>
<h3>Etude sur les PAN</h3>
<figure class="right side">
<figcaption>Photo de groupe lors d'une réunion publique <time>2023-05-31</time></figcaption>
<img src="/time/2/0/2/3/05/31/nasa-uap-meeting.jpg"/>
</figure>
<p><time>2022-06-09</time>, la NASA annonce mettre en place <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/uap">une étude
indépendante pour examiner les PANs</a> d'un point de vue scientifique. L'étude se focalise sur l'identification
des données disponibles, la manière de recueillir des données à l'avenir, et comment ces données pourraient être
exploitées pour évoluer vers une compréhension scientifique de ces phénomènes.</p>
<p><time>2022-10-11</time>, l'équipe est annoncée :</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="people">David Spergel</span> (président). He is the president of the Simons Foundation where he
was the founding director of its Flatiron Institute for Computational Astrophysics. His interests range from the
search for planets and nearby stars to the shape of the universe. He has measured the age, shape and composition
of the universe and played a key role in establishing the standard model of cosmology. A MacArthur “Genius”
Fellow, Spergel has been cited in publications more than 100,000 times.</li>
<li><span class="people">Anamaria Berea</span> is an associate professor of Computational and Data Science at
George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She is a research affiliate with the SETI Institute in Mountain
View, California, and a research investigator with Blue Marble Space Institute of Science in Seattle. Her
research is focused on the emergence of communication in complex living systems and on data science applications
in astrobiology, for the science of both biosignatures and technosignatures. She uses a wide range of
computational methods to uncover fundamental patterns in the data.</li>
<li><span class="people">Federica Bianco</span> is a joint professor at the University of Delaware in the
Department of Physics and Astrophysics, the Biden School of Public Policy and Administration and a Senior
Scientist at the Multi-city Urban Observatory. She is a cross-disciplinary scientist with a focus on using
data-science to study the universe and find solutions to urban-based problems on earth. She is Deputy Project
Scientist for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory which in 2023 will start the Legacy Survey of Space and Time to
study the night sky in the southern hemisphere and discover new galaxies and stars. She has been published in
more than 100 peer-reviewed papers and received that Department of Energy’s “Innovative Development in
Energy-Related Applied Science” grant.</li>
<li><span class="people">Paula Bontempi</span> has been a biological oceanographer for more than 25 years. She is
the sixth dean and the second woman to lead the Graduate School of Oceanography at the University of Rhode
Island (URI). She is also a professor of oceanography at URI. She spent eighteen years at NASA and was appointed
acting deputy director of NASA’s Earth Science Division for the Science Mission Directorate. She also led NASA’s
research on ocean biology, biogeochemistry, the carbon cycle and ecosystems, as well as many NASA Earth
observing satellite missions in marine science. She is a fellow of The Oceanography Society.</li>
<li><span class="people">Reggie Brothers</span> is the operating partner at AE Industrial Partners in Boca Raton,
Florida. He previously served as CEO and board member of BigBear.ai in Columbia, Maryland. Brothers also was the
executive vice president and chief technology officer of Peraton, as well as a principal with the Chertoff
Group. Prior to his time in the private sector, he served as the undersecretary for Science and Technology at
the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research at the
Department of Defense. Brothers is also a Distinguished Fellow at Georgetown’s Center for Security and Emerging
Technology and he is a member of the Visiting Committee for Sponsored Research at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li>
<li><span class="people">Jen Buss</span> is the CEO of the Potomac Institute of Policy Studies in Arlington,
Virginia. Before she became CEO, Buss worked extensively with NASA to explore policy issues and strategic
planning processes for astronaut medical care and cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. She is nationally
recognized as an authority in her field for science and technology trends analysis and policy solutions.</li>
<li><span class="people">Nadia Drake</span> is a freelance science journalist and contributing writer at National
Geographic. She also regularly writes for Scientific American, and specializes in covering astronomy,
astrophysics, planetary sciences, and jungles. She has won journalism awards for her work in National Geographic
including the David N. Schramm Award from the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomical
Society and the Jonathan Eberhart award from the AAS Division of Planetary Sciences. Drake holds a doctorate in
genetics from Cornell University.</li>
<li><span class="people">Mike Gold</span> is the executive vice president of Civil Space and External Affairs at
Redwire in Jacksonville, Florida. Prior to Redwire, Gold held multiple leadership roles at NASA, including
associate administrator for Space Policy and Partnerships, acting associate administrator for the Office of
International and Interagency Relations and senior advisor to the Administrator for International and Legal
Affairs. He led for NASA, jointly with the Department of State, the creation and execution of the Artemis
Accords, which established the norms of behavior in space. He also led the negotiation and adoption of binding
international agreements for the lunar Gateway, the creation of new planetary protocols and the first purchase
by NASA of a lunar resource. Gold was awarded NASA’s Outstanding Leadership Medal for his work in
2020.Additionally, Gold was appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation to serve as Chair of the
Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee from 2012 until he joined NASA in 2019.</li>
<li><span class="people">David Grinspoon</span> is a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute in
Tuscon, Arizona, and serves as a frequent advisor to NASA on space exploration. He is on science teams for
several interplanetary spacecraft missions including the DAVINCI mission to Venus. He is the former inaugural
Baruch S. Blumberg NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology. His research focuses on comparative
planetology especially regarding climate evolution and the implications of habitability on earth-like planets.
He was awarded the Carl Sagan Medal by the American Astronomical Society and he is an elected Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also an adjunct professor of Astrophysical and
Planetary Science at the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado, as well as Georgetown University in
Washington.</li>
<li><span class="people">Scott Kelly</span> is a former NASA astronaut, test pilot, fighter pilot, and retired
U.S. Navy captain. He commanded the International Space Station Expeditions 26, 45, and 46. He was also the
pilot of Space Shuttle Discovery for the third Hubble Servicing Mission. He was selected for a year-long mission
to the space station where he set the record at the time for the total accumulated number of days spent in
space. Prior to NASA, Kelly was the first pilot to fly the F-14 with a new digital flight control system. He
flew the F-14 Tomcat in fighter squadron VF-143 aboard the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. He is a two-time New York
Times bestselling author and was recognized by Time magazine in 2015 as one of the most influential people in
the world.</li>
<li><span class="people">Matt Mountain</span> is the president of The Association of Universities for Research and
Astronomy, known as AURA. At AURA, Mountain oversees a consortium of 44 universities nationwide and four
international affiliates who help NASA and the National Science Foundation build and operate observatories
including NASA’s Hubble Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope. He also serves as a telescope scientist for
Webb and is a member of its Science Working Group. He is the former director of The Space Telescope Science
Institute in Baltimore, and the International Gemini Observatory in Hilo, Hawaii.</li>
<li><span class="people">Warren Randolph</span> is the deputy executive director of the Federal Aviation
Administration’s Accident Investigation and Prevention for Aviation Safety department. He has an extensive
background in aviation safety at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and is currently responsible for
setting and implementing safety management system principles and using data to inform the assessment of future
hazards and emerging safety risks. Prior to the FAA, Randolph served as an aerodynamicist for the U.S. Coast
Guard and the U.S. Air Force for multiple flight simulations.</li>
<li><span class="people">Walter Scott</span> is the executive vice president and chief technology officer of Maxar
in Westminster, Colorado, a space technology company that specializes in earth intelligence and space
infrastructure. In 1992, he founded DigitalGlobe which became part of Maxar in 2017. He has held leadership
positions at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California and was the president of Scott
Consulting. In 2021, he was inducted into the David W. Thompson Lecture in Space Commerce by the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.</li>
<li><span class="people">Joshua Semeter</span> is a professor of electrical and computer engineering as well as
the director of the Center for Space Physics at Boston University. At Boston University, he researches
interactions between Earth’s ionosphere and the space environment. Activities in Semeter’s lab include the
development of optical and magnetic sensor technologies, radar experiment design and signal processing, and the
application of tomographic and other inversion techniques to the analysis of distributed, multi-mode
measurements of the space environment.</li>
<li><span class="people">Karlin Toner</span> is the acting executive director of the FAA’s Office of Aviation
Policy and Plans. Previously, she served as the director of the FAA’s global strategy where she led the FAA’s
international strategy and managed threats to international civil aviation. Prior to the FAA, Toner served at
NASA in multiple leadership positions including director of the Airspace Systems Program at NASA Headquarters.
She is a NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal recipient and is an associate fellow for the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics.</li>
<li><span class="people">Shelley Wright</span> is an associate professor of physics at the University of
California, San Diego’s Center for Astrophysics and Space Studies. She specializes in galaxies, supermassive
black holes and building optical and infrared instruments for telescopes using adaptive optics such as integral
field spectrographs. She is a Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) researcher and instrumentalist.
She is also the principal investigator for the UC San Diego Optical Infrared Laboratory. Previously, she was an
assistant professor at the University of Toronto’s Dunlap Institute.</li>
</ul>
<p><span class="people">Daniel Evans</span> (direction de la NASA) est également désigné officier fédéral délégué .
</p>
<p><time>2023-09-14</time>, <a href="/time/2/0/2/3/09/14/uap-report_nasa/index_fr.html">un rapport final</a> est
publié.</p>
</section>
</section>
<p>La NASA sera parfois en contradiction avec les déclarations de ses propres membres au sujet des ovnis, tels que :</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="people">Leroy Gordon Cooper</span> (astronaute)</li>
<li><span class="people">James MacDivitt</span> (astronaute)</li>
<li><span class="people">Joseph A. Walker</span> (pilote d'essai)</li>
<li><span class="people">Robert Michael White</span> (pilote d'essai)</li>
</ul>
<span class="source">Henry, Richard C.: <em>UFOs and
NASA</em>, <em><a href="https://www.scientificexploration.org/jse.html">JSE</a></em>, Vol 2, No. 2, 1988, pp. 93-142</span>
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