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Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
Open

          'type' => 'CollectingEvent',
Severity: Minor
Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

Example:

# bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
Open

    ].compact.join(join_string).html_safe
Severity: Minor
Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

Example:

user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
#{user_content}
".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
hi
"

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
<b>hi</b>
"

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    unexpected token tCOMMA (Using Ruby 2.4 parser; configure using TargetRubyVersion parameter, under AllCops)
    Open

          total_index:,
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collection_objects_helper.rb by rubocop

    This is not actually a cop. It does not inspect anything. It just provides methods to repack Parser's diagnostics/errors into RuboCop's offenses.

    Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
    Open

              'id' => asserted_distribution.geographic_area_id },
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/asserted_distributions_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

    Example:

    # bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

        a.compact.join('. ').html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/attributions_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

        content_tag(:div, str.html_safe)
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/batch_load/batch_load_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

                          }.join.html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/batch_load/batch_load_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
    Open

        link_text = content_tag(:span, 'Next by id', 'class' => 'small-icon icon-right', 'data-icon' => 'arrow-right')
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

    Example:

    # bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

    Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
    Open

            'shape' => {
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

    Example:

    # bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

        link_to(collecting_event_tag(collecting_event).html_safe, collecting_event)
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

          data.ordered_by_date.collect{|d| collection_object_history_row(d)}.join.html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collection_objects/catalog_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
    Open

          'default-confidenced-id' => is_default_confidenced?(object),
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/confidences_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

    Example:

    # bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

        ].compact.join(': ').html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/containers_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

          ].join(' - ').html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/contents_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Redundant use of Object#to_s in interpolation.
    Open

          s += ' ' + content_tag(:span, "#{c.to_s}&nbsp;#{'observation'.pluralize(c)}".html_safe, class: [:feedback, 'feedback-info', 'feedback-thin'])
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/descriptors_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for string conversion in string interpolation, which is redundant.

    Example:

    # bad

"result is #{something.to_s}"

    Example:

    # good

"result is #{something}"

    Do not use instance variables in helpers.
    Open

        ' (has no geographic items)' if @asserted_distribution.geographic_area.geographic_items.empty?
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/asserted_distributions_helper.rb by rubocop

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

            }.join.html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/batch_load/batch_load_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"

    Use ct.pages.present? instead of !ct.pages.blank?.
    Open

            content_tag(:span, (controlled_vocabulary_term_tag(ct.topic.metamorphosize) + (!ct.pages.blank? ? ": #{ct.pages}" : '')), class: [:annotation__citation_topic])
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/citations_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for code that can be written with simpler conditionals using Object#present? defined by Active Support.

    Interaction with Style/UnlessElse: The configuration of NotBlank will not produce an offense in the context of unless else if Style/UnlessElse is inabled. This is to prevent interference between the auto-correction of the two cops.

    Example: NotNilAndNotEmpty: true (default)

    # Converts usages of `!nil? && !empty?` to `present?`

# bad
!foo.nil? && !foo.empty?

# bad
foo != nil && !foo.empty?

# good
foo.present?

    Example: NotBlank: true (default)

    # Converts usages of `!blank?` to `present?`

# bad
!foo.blank?

# bad
not foo.blank?

# good
foo.present?

    Example: UnlessBlank: true (default)

    # Converts usages of `unless blank?` to `if present?`

# bad
something unless foo.blank?

# good
something if foo.present?

    Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
    Open

            'no-turbolinks' => 'true',
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of strings as keys in hashes. The use of symbols is preferred instead.

    Example:

    # bad
{ 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }

# good
{ one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }

    Tagging a string as html safe may be a security risk.
    Open

          [ collecting_event_identifiers_tag(collecting_event), a].compact.join('&nbsp;').html_safe
    Severity: Minor
    Found in app/helpers/collecting_events_helper.rb by rubocop

    This cop checks for the use of output safety calls like html_safe, raw, and safe_concat. These methods do not escape content. They simply return a SafeBuffer containing the content as is. Instead, use safe_join to join content and escape it and concat to concatenate content and escape it, ensuring its safety.

    Example:

    user_content = "hi"

# bad
"
    #{user_content}
    ".html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    hi
    "

# good
content_tag(:p, user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    <b>hi</b>
    "

# bad
out = ""
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out << "
  • #{user_content}
    • "
out.html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
  • hi
    • 

  • hi
    • "

# good
out = []
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
out << content_tag(:li, user_content)
safe_join(out)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
  • <b>hi</b>
    • 

  • <b>hi</b>
    • "

# bad
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.safe_concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "
    trusted_content
    
hi"

# good
out = "
    trusted content
    ".html_safe
out.concat(user_content)
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "
    trusted_content
    <b>hi</b>"

# safe, though maybe not good style
out = "trusted content"
result = out.concat(user_content)
# => String "trusted contenthi"
# because when rendered in ERB the String will be escaped:
# <%= result %>
# => trusted content<b>hi</b>

# bad
(user_content + " " + content_tag(:span, user_content)).html_safe
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer "hi <span><b>hi</b></span>"

# good
safe_join([user_content, " ", content_tag(:span, user_content)])
# => ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer
#    "<b>hi</b> <span>&lt;b&gt;hi&lt;/b&gt;</span>"
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