tests/calc/test_thermo.py
# Copyright (c) 2008,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019 MetPy Developers.
# Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
"""Test the `thermo` module."""
import platform
import sys
import warnings
import numpy as np
import pytest
import xarray as xr
from metpy.calc import (brunt_vaisala_frequency, brunt_vaisala_frequency_squared,
brunt_vaisala_period, cape_cin, ccl, cross_totals, density, dewpoint,
dewpoint_from_relative_humidity, dewpoint_from_specific_humidity,
downdraft_cape, dry_lapse, dry_static_energy, el,
equivalent_potential_temperature, exner_function,
gradient_richardson_number, InvalidSoundingError,
isentropic_interpolation, isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset, k_index,
lcl, lfc, lifted_index, mixed_layer, mixed_layer_cape_cin,
mixed_parcel, mixing_ratio, mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity,
mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity, moist_lapse, moist_static_energy,
most_unstable_cape_cin, most_unstable_parcel, parcel_profile,
parcel_profile_with_lcl, parcel_profile_with_lcl_as_dataset,
potential_temperature, psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet,
relative_humidity_from_dewpoint, relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio,
relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity,
relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric,
saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature, saturation_mixing_ratio,
saturation_vapor_pressure, showalter_index,
specific_humidity_from_dewpoint, specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio,
static_stability, surface_based_cape_cin, sweat_index,
temperature_from_potential_temperature, thickness_hydrostatic,
thickness_hydrostatic_from_relative_humidity, total_totals_index,
vapor_pressure, vertical_totals, vertical_velocity,
vertical_velocity_pressure, virtual_potential_temperature,
virtual_temperature, virtual_temperature_from_dewpoint,
wet_bulb_potential_temperature, wet_bulb_temperature)
from metpy.calc.thermo import _find_append_zero_crossings, galvez_davison_index
from metpy.testing import (assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_nan,
version_check)
from metpy.units import is_quantity, masked_array, units
def test_relative_humidity_from_dewpoint():
"""Test Relative Humidity calculation."""
assert_almost_equal(relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(25. * units.degC, 15. * units.degC),
53.80 * units.percent, 2)
def test_relative_humidity_from_dewpoint_with_f():
"""Test Relative Humidity accepts temperature in Fahrenheit."""
assert_almost_equal(relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(70. * units.degF, 55. * units.degF),
58.935 * units.percent, 3)
def test_relative_humidity_from_dewpoint_xarray():
"""Test Relative Humidity with xarray data arrays (quantified and unquantified)."""
temp = xr.DataArray(25., attrs={'units': 'degC'})
dewp = xr.DataArray([15.] * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temp, dewp), 53.80 * units.percent, 2)
def test_exner_function():
"""Test Exner function calculation."""
pressure = np.array([900., 500., 300., 100.]) * units.mbar
truth = np.array([0.97034558, 0.82033536, 0.70893444, 0.51794747]) * units.dimensionless
assert_array_almost_equal(exner_function(pressure), truth, 5)
def test_potential_temperature():
"""Test potential_temperature calculation."""
temp = np.array([278., 283., 291., 298.]) * units.kelvin
pressure = np.array([900., 500., 300., 100.]) * units.mbar
real_th = np.array([286.496, 344.981, 410.475, 575.348]) * units.kelvin
assert_array_almost_equal(potential_temperature(pressure, temp), real_th, 3)
def test_temperature_from_potential_temperature():
"""Test temperature_from_potential_temperature calculation."""
theta = np.array([286.12859679, 288.22362587, 290.31865495, 292.41368403]) * units.kelvin
pressure = np.array([850] * 4) * units.mbar
real_t = np.array([273.15, 275.15, 277.15, 279.15]) * units.kelvin
assert_array_almost_equal(temperature_from_potential_temperature(pressure, theta),
real_t, 2)
def test_pot_temp_scalar():
"""Test potential_temperature accepts scalar values."""
assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(1000. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin),
293. * units.kelvin, 4)
assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin),
312.2886 * units.kelvin, 4)
def test_pot_temp_fahrenheit():
"""Test that potential_temperature handles temperature values in Fahrenheit."""
assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 68. * units.degF),
(312.444 * units.kelvin).to(units.degF), 2)
def test_pot_temp_inhg():
"""Test that potential_temperature can handle pressure not in mb (issue #165)."""
assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(29.92 * units.inHg, 29 * units.degC),
301.019 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_dry_lapse():
"""Test dry_lapse calculation."""
levels = np.array([1000, 900, 864.89]) * units.mbar
temps = dry_lapse(levels, 303.15 * units.kelvin)
assert_array_almost_equal(temps,
np.array([303.15, 294.16, 290.83]) * units.kelvin, 2)
def test_dry_lapse_2_levels():
"""Test dry_lapse calculation when given only two levels."""
temps = dry_lapse(np.array([1000., 500.]) * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin)
assert_array_almost_equal(temps, [293., 240.3583] * units.kelvin, 4)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('temp_units', ['degF', 'degC', 'K'])
def test_moist_lapse(temp_units):
"""Test moist_lapse with various temperature units."""
starting_temp = 19.85 * units.degC
temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1000., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar,
starting_temp.to(temp_units))
true_temp = np.array([293, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin
assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2)
def test_moist_lapse_ref_pressure():
"""Test moist_lapse with a reference pressure."""
temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1050., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar,
19.85 * units.degC, 1000. * units.mbar)
true_temp = np.array([294.76, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin
assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2)
def test_moist_lapse_multiple_temps():
"""Test moist_lapse with multiple starting temperatures."""
temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1050., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar,
np.array([19.85, 25.6, 19.85]) * units.degC, 1000. * units.mbar)
true_temp = np.array([[294.76, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91],
[300.35, 291.27, 281.05, 274.05, 264.64],
[294.76, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]]) * units.kelvin
assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2)
def test_moist_lapse_scalar():
"""Test moist_lapse when given a scalar desired pressure and a reference pressure."""
temp = moist_lapse(np.array([800.]) * units.mbar, 19.85 * units.degC, 1000. * units.mbar)
assert_almost_equal(temp, 284.64 * units.kelvin, 2)
def test_moist_lapse_close_start():
"""Test that we behave correctly with a reference pressure close to an actual pressure."""
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as record:
temp = moist_lapse(units.Quantity(1000, 'hPa'), 0 * units.degC,
units.Quantity(1000., 'mbar'))
assert len(record) == 0
assert_almost_equal(temp, units.Quantity(0., 'degC'))
def test_moist_lapse_uniform():
"""Test moist_lapse when given a uniform array of pressures."""
temp = moist_lapse(np.array([900., 900., 900.]) * units.hPa, 20. * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(temp, np.array([20., 20., 20.]) * units.degC, 7)
def test_moist_lapse_nan_temp():
"""Test moist_lapse when given nan for temperature."""
temp = moist_lapse(40 * units.hPa, np.nan * units.degC, 400 * units.hPa)
assert_nan(temp, units.degC)
def test_moist_lapse_nan_ref_press():
"""Test moist_lapse when given nans for reference pressure."""
temp = moist_lapse(40 * units.hPa, -20 * units.degC, np.nan * units.hPa)
assert_nan(temp, units.degC)
def test_moist_lapse_downwards():
"""Test moist_lapse when integrating downwards (#2128)."""
temp = moist_lapse(units.Quantity([600, 700], 'mbar'), units.Quantity(0, 'degC'))
assert_almost_equal(temp, units.Quantity([0, 6.47748353], units.degC), 4)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('direction', (1, -1))
@pytest.mark.parametrize('start', list(range(5)))
def test_moist_lapse_starting_points(start, direction):
"""Test moist_lapse with a variety of reference points."""
truth = units.Quantity([20.0804315, 17.2333509, 14.0752659, 6.4774835, 0.0],
'degC')[::direction]
pressure = units.Quantity([1000, 925, 850, 700, 600], 'hPa')[::direction]
temp = moist_lapse(pressure, truth[start], pressure[start])
assert_almost_equal(temp, truth, 4)
@pytest.mark.xfail(platform.machine() == 'aarch64',
reason='ValueError is not raised on aarch64')
@pytest.mark.xfail(platform.machine() == 'arm64', reason='ValueError is not raised on Mac M2')
@pytest.mark.xfail((sys.platform == 'win32') and version_check('scipy<1.11.3'),
reason='solve_ivp() does not error on Windows + SciPy < 1.11.3')
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:overflow encountered in exp:RuntimeWarning')
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(r'ignore:invalid value encountered in \w*divide:RuntimeWarning')
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(r'ignore:.*Excess accuracy requested.*:UserWarning')
def test_moist_lapse_failure():
"""Test moist_lapse under conditions that cause the ODE solver to fail."""
p = np.logspace(3, -1, 10) * units.hPa
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc:
moist_lapse(p, 6 * units.degC)
assert 'too small values' in str(exc)
def test_parcel_profile():
"""Test parcel profile calculation."""
levels = np.array([1000., 900., 800., 700., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar
true_prof = np.array([303.15, 294.16, 288.026, 283.073, 277.058, 269.402,
258.966]) * units.kelvin
prof = parcel_profile(levels, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC)
assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2)
def test_parcel_profile_lcl():
"""Test parcel profile with lcl calculation."""
p = np.array([1004., 1000., 943., 928., 925., 850., 839., 749., 700., 699.]) * units.hPa
t = np.array([24.2, 24., 20.2, 21.6, 21.4, 20.4, 20.2, 14.4, 13.2, 13.]) * units.degC
td = np.array([21.9, 22.1, 19.2, 20.5, 20.4, 18.4, 17.4, 8.4, -2.8, -3.0]) * units.degC
true_prof = np.array([297.35, 297.01, 294.5, 293.48, 292.92, 292.81, 289.79, 289.32,
285.15, 282.59, 282.53]) * units.kelvin
true_p = np.insert(p.m, 2, 970.711) * units.mbar
true_t = np.insert(t.m, 2, 22.047) * units.degC
true_td = np.insert(td.m, 2, 20.609) * units.degC
pressure, temp, dewp, prof = parcel_profile_with_lcl(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(pressure, true_p, 3)
assert_almost_equal(temp, true_t, 3)
assert_almost_equal(dewp, true_td, 3)
assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2)
def test_parcel_profile_lcl_not_monotonic():
"""Test parcel profile with lcl calculation."""
with pytest.raises(InvalidSoundingError):
p = np.array([1004., 1000., 943., 925., 928., 850., 839., 749., 700.]) * units.hPa
t = np.array([24.2, 24., 20.2, 21.6, 21.4, 20.4, 20.2, 14.4, 13.2]) * units.degC
td = np.array([21.9, 22.1, 19.2, 20.5, 20.4, 18.4, 17.4, 8.4, -2.8]) * units.degC
_ = parcel_profile_with_lcl(p, t, td)
def test_parcel_profile_with_lcl_as_dataset():
"""Test parcel profile with lcl calculation with xarray."""
p = np.array([1004., 1000., 943., 928., 925., 850., 839., 749., 700., 699.]) * units.hPa
t = np.array([24.2, 24., 20.2, 21.6, 21.4, 20.4, 20.2, 14.4, 13.2, 13.]) * units.degC
td = np.array([21.9, 22.1, 19.2, 20.5, 20.4, 18.4, 17.4, 8.4, -2.8, -3.0]) * units.degC
result = parcel_profile_with_lcl_as_dataset(p, t, td)
expected = xr.Dataset(
{
'ambient_temperature': (
('isobaric',),
np.insert(t.m, 2, 22.047) * units.degC,
{'standard_name': 'air_temperature'}
),
'ambient_dew_point': (
('isobaric',),
np.insert(td.m, 2, 20.609) * units.degC,
{'standard_name': 'dew_point_temperature'}
),
'parcel_temperature': (
('isobaric',),
[
297.35, 297.01, 294.5, 293.48, 292.92, 292.81, 289.79, 289.32, 285.15,
282.59, 282.53
] * units.kelvin,
{'long_name': 'air_temperature_of_lifted_parcel'}
)
},
coords={
'isobaric': (
'isobaric',
np.insert(p.m, 2, 970.699),
{'units': 'hectopascal', 'standard_name': 'air_pressure'}
)
}
)
xr.testing.assert_allclose(result, expected, atol=1e-2)
for field in (
'ambient_temperature',
'ambient_dew_point',
'parcel_temperature',
'isobaric'
):
assert result[field].attrs == expected[field].attrs
def test_parcel_profile_saturated():
"""Test parcel_profile works when LCL in levels (issue #232)."""
levels = np.array([1000., 700., 500.]) * units.mbar
true_prof = np.array([296.95, 284.381, 271.123]) * units.kelvin
prof = parcel_profile(levels, 23.8 * units.degC, 23.8 * units.degC)
assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2)
def test_sat_vapor_pressure():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure calculation."""
temp = np.array([5., 10., 18., 25.]) * units.degC
real_es = np.array([8.72, 12.27, 20.63, 31.67]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 2)
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_scalar():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles scalar values."""
es = saturation_vapor_pressure(0 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(es, 6.112 * units.mbar, 3)
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_fahrenheit():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles temperature in Fahrenheit."""
temp = np.array([50., 68.]) * units.degF
real_es = np.array([12.2717, 23.3695]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 4)
def test_basic_dewpoint_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test dewpoint_from_relative_humidity function."""
temp = np.array([30., 25., 10., 20., 25.]) * units.degC
rh = np.array([30., 45., 55., 80., 85.]) / 100.
real_td = np.array([11, 12, 1, 16, 22]) * units.degC
assert_array_almost_equal(real_td, dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(temp, rh), 0)
def test_scalar_dewpoint_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test dewpoint_from_relative_humidity with scalar values."""
td = dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(10.6 * units.degC, 0.37)
assert_almost_equal(td, 26. * units.degF, 0)
def test_percent_dewpoint_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test dewpoint_from_relative_humidity with rh in percent."""
td = dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(10.6 * units.degC, 37 * units.percent)
assert_almost_equal(td, 26. * units.degF, 0)
def test_warning_dewpoint_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test that warning is raised for >120% RH."""
with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(10.6 * units.degC, 50)
def test_dewpoint():
"""Test dewpoint calculation."""
assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(6.112 * units.mbar), 0. * units.degC, 2)
def test_dewpoint_weird_units():
"""Test dewpoint using non-standard units.
Revealed from odd dimensionless units and ending up using numpy.ma math
functions instead of numpy ones.
"""
assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(15825.6 * units('g * mbar / kg')),
13.8564 * units.degC, 4)
def test_mixing_ratio():
"""Test mixing ratio calculation."""
p = 998. * units.mbar
e = 73.75 * units.mbar
assert_almost_equal(mixing_ratio(e, p), 0.04963, 2)
def test_vapor_pressure():
"""Test vapor pressure calculation."""
assert_almost_equal(vapor_pressure(998. * units.mbar, 0.04963),
73.75179 * units.mbar, 5)
def test_lcl():
"""Test LCL calculation."""
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, 864.806 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lcl_temperature, 17.676 * units.degC, 2)
def test_lcl_kelvin():
"""Test LCL temperature is returned as Kelvin, if temperature is Kelvin."""
temperature = 273.09723 * units.kelvin
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = lcl(1017.16 * units.mbar, temperature,
264.5351 * units.kelvin)
assert_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, 889.459 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lcl_temperature, 262.827 * units.kelvin, 2)
assert lcl_temperature.units == temperature.units
def test_lcl_convergence():
"""Test LCL calculation convergence failure."""
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC, max_iters=2)
def test_lcl_nans():
"""Test LCL calculation on data with nans."""
press = np.array([900., 900., 900., 900.]) * units.hPa
temp = np.array([np.nan, 25., 25., 25.]) * units.degC
dewp = np.array([20., 20., np.nan, 20.]) * units.degC
lcl_press, lcl_temp = lcl(press, temp, dewp)
assert_array_almost_equal(lcl_press, np.array([np.nan, 836.4098648012595,
np.nan, 836.4098648012595]) * units.hPa)
assert_array_almost_equal(lcl_temp, np.array([np.nan, 18.82281982535794,
np.nan, 18.82281982535794]) * units.degC)
def test_ccl_basic():
"""First test of CCL calculation. Data: ILX, June 17 2022 00Z."""
pressure = np.array([993.0, 984.0, 957.0, 948.0, 925.0, 917.0, 886.0, 868.0, 850.0,
841.0, 813.0, 806.0, 798.0, 738.0, 732.0, 723.0, 716.0, 711.0,
700.0, 623.0, 621.0, 582.0, 541.0, 500.0, 468.0]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([34.6, 33.7, 31.1, 30.1, 27.8, 27.1, 24.3, 22.6, 21.4,
20.8, 19.6, 19.4, 18.7, 13.0, 13.0, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6,
13.0, 5.2, 5.0, 1.5, -2.4, -6.7, -10.7]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([19.6, 19.4, 18.7, 18.4, 17.8, 17.5, 16.3, 15.6, 12.4, 10.8,
-0.4, -3.6, -3.8, -5.0, -6.0, -15.6, -13.2, -11.4, -11.0,
-5.8, -6.2, -14.8, -24.3, -34.7, -38.1]) * units.degC
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_p, 763.006048 * units.mbar, 5)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_t, 15.429946 * units.degC, 5)
assert_almost_equal(t_c, 37.991498 * units.degC, 5)
def test_ccl_nans():
"""Tests CCL handles nans."""
pressure = np.array([993.0, 984.0, 957.0, np.nan, 925.0, 917.0, np.nan, 868.0, 850.0,
841.0, 813.0, 806.0, 798.0, 738.0, 732.0, 723.0, 716.0, 711.0,
700.0, 623.0, 621.0, 582.0, 541.0, 500.0, 468.0]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([34.6, np.nan, 31.1, np.nan, 27.8, 27.1, 24.3, 22.6, 21.4,
20.8, 19.6, 19.4, 18.7, 13.0, 13.0, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6,
13.0, 5.2, 5.0, 1.5, -2.4, -6.7, -10.7]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([19.6, 19.4, 18.7, np.nan, 17.8, 17.5, 16.3, 15.6, 12.4, 10.8,
-0.4, -3.6, -3.8, -5.0, -6.0, -15.6, -13.2, -11.4, -11.0,
-5.8, -6.2, -14.8, -24.3, -34.7, -38.1]) * units.degC
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_p, 763.006048 * units.mbar, 5)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_t, 15.429946 * units.degC, 5)
assert_almost_equal(t_c, 37.991498 * units.degC, 5)
def test_ccl_unit():
"""Tests CCL pressure and temperature is returned in the correct unit."""
pressure = (np.array([993.0, 984.0, 957.0, 948.0, 925.0, 917.0, 886.0, 868.0, 850.0,
841.0, 813.0, 806.0, 798.0, 738.0, 732.0, 723.0, 716.0, 711.0,
700.0, 623.0, 621.0, 582.0, 541.0, 500.0, 468.0]) * 100) * units.Pa
temperature = (np.array([34.6, 33.7, 31.1, 30.1, 27.8, 27.1, 24.3, 22.6, 21.4,
20.8, 19.6, 19.4, 18.7, 13.0, 13.0, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6,
13.0, 5.2, 5.0, 1.5, -2.4, -6.7, -10.7]) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
dewpoint = (np.array([19.6, 19.4, 18.7, 18.4, 17.8, 17.5, 16.3, 15.6, 12.4, 10.8,
-0.4, -3.6, -3.8, -5.0, -6.0, -15.6, -13.2, -11.4, -11.0,
-5.8, -6.2, -14.8, -24.3, -34.7, -38.1]) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_p, (763.006048 * 100) * units.Pa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_t, (15.429946 + 273.15) * units.kelvin, 3)
assert_almost_equal(t_c, (37.991498 + 273.15) * units.kelvin, 3)
assert ccl_p.units == pressure.units
assert ccl_t.units == temperature.units
assert t_c.units == temperature.units
def test_multiple_ccl():
"""Tests the case where there are multiple CCLs. Data: BUF, May 18 2022 12Z."""
pressure = np.array([992.0, 990.0, 983.0, 967.0, 950.0, 944.0, 928.0, 925.0, 922.0,
883.0, 877.7, 858.0, 853.0, 850.0, 835.0, 830.0, 827.0, 826.0,
813.6, 808.0, 799.0, 784.0, 783.3, 769.0, 760.0, 758.0, 754.0,
753.0, 738.0, 725.7, 711.0, 704.0, 700.0, 685.0, 672.0, 646.6,
598.6, 596.0, 587.0, 582.0, 567.0, 560.0, 555.0, 553.3, 537.0,
526.0, 521.0, 519.0, 515.0, 500.0]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([6.8, 6.2, 7.8, 7.6, 7.2, 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2, 3.2, 2.8, 1.2,
1.0, 0.8, -0.3, -0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 0.6, -0.3, -0.3,
-0.7, -1.5, -1.3, 0.2, 0.2, -1.1, -2.1, -3.3, -2.3, -1.7, 0.2,
-0.9, -3.0, -7.3, -7.5, -8.1, -8.3, -9.5, -10.1, -10.7,
-10.8, -12.1, -12.5, -12.7, -12.9, -13.5, -15.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([5.1, 5.0, 4.2, 2.7, 2.2, 0.6, -2.4, -2.6, -2.8, -3.8, -3.6,
-3.1, -5.0, -4.2, -1.8, -4.3, -7.6, -6.4, -8.2, -9.0, -10.4,
-9.3, -9.6, -14.7, -11.5, -12.3, -25.8, -25.8, -19.1, -19.6,
-20.3, -42.3, -39.7, -46.8, -46.8, -46.7, -46.5, -46.5,
-52.1, -36.3, -47.5, -30.1, -29.7, -30.4, -37.1, -49.5,
-36.7, -28.9, -28.5, -22.5]) * units.degC
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_p, 680.191653 * units.mbar, 5)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_t, -0.204408 * units.degC, 5)
assert_almost_equal(t_c, 30.8678258 * units.degC, 5)
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint, which='bottom')
assert_almost_equal(ccl_p, 886.835325 * units.mbar, 5)
assert_almost_equal(ccl_t, 3.500840 * units.degC, 5)
assert_almost_equal(t_c, 12.5020423 * units.degC, 5)
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint, which='all')
assert_array_almost_equal(ccl_p, np.array([886.835325, 680.191653]) * units.mbar, 5)
assert_array_almost_equal(ccl_t, np.array([3.500840, -0.204408]) * units.degC, 5)
assert_array_almost_equal(t_c, np.array([12.5020423, 30.8678258]) * units.degC, 5)
def test_ccl_with_ml():
"""Test CCL calculation with a specified mixed-layer depth."""
pressure = np.array([992.0, 990.0, 983.0, 967.0, 950.0, 944.0, 928.0, 925.0, 922.0,
883.0, 877.7, 858.0, 853.0, 850.0, 835.0, 830.0, 827.0, 826.0,
813.6, 808.0, 799.0, 784.0, 783.3, 769.0, 760.0, 758.0, 754.0,
753.0, 738.0, 725.7, 711.0, 704.0, 700.0, 685.0, 672.0, 646.6,
598.6, 596.0, 587.0, 582.0, 567.0, 560.0, 555.0, 553.3, 537.0,
526.0, 521.0, 519.0, 515.0, 500.0]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([6.8, 6.2, 7.8, 7.6, 7.2, 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2, 3.2, 2.8, 1.2,
1.0, 0.8, -0.3, -0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 0.6, -0.3, -0.3,
-0.7, -1.5, -1.3, 0.2, 0.2, -1.1, -2.1, -3.3, -2.3, -1.7, 0.2,
-0.9, -3.0, -7.3, -7.5, -8.1, -8.3, -9.5, -10.1, -10.7,
-10.8, -12.1, -12.5, -12.7, -12.9, -13.5, -15.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([5.1, 5.0, 4.2, 2.7, 2.2, 0.6, -2.4, -2.6, -2.8, -3.8, -3.6,
-3.1, -5.0, -4.2, -1.8, -4.3, -7.6, -6.4, -8.2, -9.0, -10.4,
-9.3, -9.6, -14.7, -11.5, -12.3, -25.8, -25.8, -19.1, -19.6,
-20.3, -42.3, -39.7, -46.8, -46.8, -46.7, -46.5, -46.5,
-52.1, -36.3, -47.5, -30.1, -29.7, -30.4, -37.1, -49.5,
-36.7, -28.9, -28.5, -22.5]) * units.degC
ccl_p, ccl_t, t_c = ccl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint,
mixed_layer_depth=500 * units.m, which='all')
assert_array_almost_equal(ccl_p, np.array(
[850.600930, 784.325312, 737.767377, 648.076147]) * units.mbar, 5)
assert_array_almost_equal(ccl_t, np.array(
[0.840118, -0.280299, -1.118757, -2.875716]) * units.degC, 5)
assert_array_almost_equal(t_c, np.array(
[13.146845, 18.661621, 22.896152, 32.081388]) * units.degC, 5)
def test_lfc_basic():
"""Test LFC calculation."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -49.]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 727.371 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 9.705 * units.celsius, 2)
def test_lfc_kelvin():
"""Test that LFC temperature returns Kelvin if Kelvin is provided."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperature = (np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -49.]
) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
dewpoint = (np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]
) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 727.371 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 9.705 * units.degC, 2)
assert lfc_temp.units == temperature.units
def test_lfc_ml():
"""Test Mixed-Layer LFC calculation."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -49.]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
__, t_mixed, td_mixed = mixed_parcel(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
mixed_parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, t_mixed, td_mixed)
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, mixed_parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 601.225 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, -1.90688 * units.degC, 2)
def test_lfc_ml2():
"""Test a mixed-layer LFC calculation that previously crashed."""
levels = np.array([1024.95703125, 1016.61474609, 1005.33056641, 991.08544922, 973.4163208,
951.3381958, 924.82836914, 898.25482178, 873.46124268, 848.69830322,
823.92553711, 788.49304199, 743.44580078, 700.50970459, 659.62017822,
620.70861816, 583.69421387, 548.49719238, 515.03826904, 483.24401855,
453.0418396, 424.36477661, 397.1505127, 371.33441162, 346.85922241,
323.66995239, 301.70935059, 280.92651367, 261.27053833, 242.69168091,
225.14237976, 208.57781982, 192.95333862, 178.22599792, 164.39630127,
151.54336548, 139.68635559, 128.74923706, 118.6588974, 109.35111237,
100.76405334, 92.84288025, 85.53556824, 78.79430389, 72.57549286,
66.83885193, 61.54678726, 56.66480637, 52.16108322]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([6.00750732, 5.14892578, 4.177948, 3.00268555, 1.55535889,
-0.25527954, -1.93988037, -3.57766724, -4.40600586, -4.19238281,
-3.71185303, -4.47943115, -6.81280518, -8.08685303, -8.41287231,
-10.79302979, -14.13262939, -16.85784912, -19.51675415,
-22.28689575, -24.99938965, -27.79664612, -30.90414429,
-34.49435425, -38.438797, -42.27981567, -45.99230957,
-49.75340271, -53.58230591, -57.30686951, -60.76026917,
-63.92070007, -66.72470093, -68.97846985, -70.4264679,
-71.16407776, -71.53797913, -71.64375305, -71.52735901,
-71.53523254, -71.61097717, -71.92687988, -72.68682861,
-74.129776, -76.02471924, -76.88977051, -76.26008606,
-75.90351868, -76.15809631]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([4.50012302, 3.42483997, 2.78102994, 2.24474645, 1.593485, -0.9440815,
-3.8044982, -3.55629468, -9.7376976, -10.2950449, -9.67498302,
-10.30486488, -8.70559597, -8.71669006, -12.66509628, -18.6697197,
-23.00351334, -29.46240425, -36.82178497, -41.68824768, -44.50320816,
-48.54426575, -52.50753403, -51.09564209, -48.92690659, -49.97380829,
-51.57516098, -52.62096405, -54.24332809, -57.09109879, -60.5596199,
-63.93486404, -67.07530212, -70.01263428, -72.9258728, -76.12271881,
-79.49847412, -82.2350769, -83.91127014, -84.95665741, -85.61238861,
-86.16391754, -86.7653656, -87.34436035, -87.87495422, -88.34281921,
-88.74453735, -89.04680634, -89.26436615]) * units.celsius
__, t_mixed, td_mixed = mixed_parcel(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
mixed_parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, t_mixed, td_mixed)
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, mixed_parcel_prof, td_mixed)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 962.34 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 0.767 * units.degC, 2)
def test_lfc_intersection():
"""Test LFC calculation when LFC is below a tricky intersection."""
p = np.array([1024.957, 930., 924.828, 898.255, 873.461, 848.698, 823.926,
788.493]) * units('hPa')
t = np.array([6.008, -10., -6.94, -8.58, -4.41, -4.19, -3.71, -4.48]) * units('degC')
td = np.array([5., -10., -7., -9., -4.5, -4.2, -3.8, -4.5]) * units('degC')
_, mlt, mltd = mixed_parcel(p, t, td)
ml_profile = parcel_profile(p, mlt, mltd)
mllfc_p, mllfc_t = lfc(p, t, td, ml_profile, mltd)
assert_almost_equal(mllfc_p, 981.620 * units.hPa, 2)
assert_almost_equal(mllfc_t, 272.045 * units.kelvin, 2)
def test_no_lfc():
"""Test LFC calculation when there is no LFC in the data."""
levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([9., 4.3, -21.2, -26.7, -31., -53.3, -66.7]) * units.celsius
lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(lfc_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(lfc_temperature, temperatures.units)
def test_lfc_inversion():
"""Test LFC when there is an inversion to be sure we don't pick that."""
levels = np.array([963., 789., 782.3, 754.8, 728.1, 727., 700.,
571., 450., 300., 248.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([25.4, 18.4, 17.8, 15.4, 12.9, 12.8,
10., -3.9, -16.3, -41.1, -51.5]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([20.4, 0.4, -0.5, -4.3, -8., -8.2, -9.,
-23.9, -33.3, -54.1, -63.5]) * units.celsius
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 705.8806 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 10.6232 * units.celsius, 2)
def test_lfc_equals_lcl():
"""Test LFC when there is no cap and the lfc is equal to the lcl."""
levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1,
748., 732.2, 700., 654.8]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8,
14.0, 13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6,
8.8, 0., -18.6, -22.9]) * units.celsius
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 777.0786 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 15.8714 * units.celsius, 2)
def test_lfc_profile_nan():
"""Test LFC when the profile includes NaN values."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, np.nan, 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, np.nan, -53.2]) * units.degC
lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 727.3365 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temperature, 9.6977 * units.degC, 3)
def test_lfc_profile_nan_with_parcel_profile():
"""Test LFC when the profile includes NaN values, and parcel temp profile is specified."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, np.nan, 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, np.nan, -53.2]) * units.degC
parcel_temps = parcel_profile(levels, temperatures[0], dewpoints[0]).to('degC')
lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, parcel_temps)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 727.3365 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temperature, 9.6977 * units.degC, 3)
def test_sensitive_sounding():
"""Test quantities for a sensitive sounding (#902)."""
# This sounding has a very small positive area in the low level. It's only captured
# properly if the parcel profile includes the LCL, otherwise it breaks LFC and CAPE
p = units.Quantity([1004., 1000., 943., 928., 925., 850., 839., 749., 700., 699.,
603., 500., 404., 400., 363., 306., 300., 250., 213., 200.,
176., 150.], 'hectopascal')
t = units.Quantity([25.1, 24.5, 20.2, 21.6, 21.4, 20.4, 20.2, 14.4, 13.2, 13., 6.8, -3.3,
-13.1, -13.7, -17.9, -25.5, -26.9, -37.9, -46.7, -48.7, -52.1, -58.9],
'degC')
td = units.Quantity([21.9, 22.1, 19.2, 20.5, 20.4, 18.4, 17.4, 8.4, -2.8, -3.0, -15.2,
-20.3, -29.1, -27.7, -24.9, -39.5, -41.9, -51.9, -60.7, -62.7, -65.1,
-71.9], 'degC')
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 952.8445 * units.mbar, 2)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 20.94469 * units.degC, 2)
pos, neg = surface_based_cape_cin(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(pos, 0.106791 * units('J/kg'), 3)
assert_almost_equal(neg, -282.620677 * units('J/kg'), 3)
def test_lfc_sfc_precision():
"""Test LFC when there are precision issues with the parcel path."""
levels = np.array([839., 819.4, 816., 807., 790.7, 763., 736.2,
722., 710.1, 700.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([20.6, 22.3, 22.6, 22.2, 20.9, 18.7, 16.4,
15.2, 13.9, 12.8]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([10.6, 8., 7.6, 6.2, 5.7, 4.7, 3.7, 3.2, 3., 2.8]) * units.celsius
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(lfc_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(lfc_temp, temperatures.units)
def test_lfc_pos_area_below_lcl():
"""Test LFC when there is positive area below the LCL (#1003)."""
p = [902.1554, 897.9034, 893.6506, 889.4047, 883.063, 874.6284, 866.2387, 857.887,
849.5506, 841.2686, 833.0042, 824.7891, 812.5049, 796.2104, 776.0027, 751.9025,
727.9612, 704.1409, 680.4028, 656.7156, 629.077, 597.4286, 565.6315, 533.5961,
501.2452, 468.493, 435.2486, 401.4239, 366.9387, 331.7026, 295.6319, 258.6428,
220.9178, 182.9384, 144.959, 106.9778, 69.00213] * units.hPa
t = [-3.039381, -3.703779, -4.15996, -4.562574, -5.131827, -5.856229, -6.568434,
-7.276881, -7.985013, -8.670911, -8.958063, -7.631381, -6.05927, -5.083627,
-5.11576, -5.687552, -5.453021, -4.981445, -5.236665, -6.324916, -8.434324,
-11.58795, -14.99297, -18.45947, -21.92021, -25.40522, -28.914, -32.78637,
-37.7179, -43.56836, -49.61077, -54.24449, -56.16666, -57.03775, -58.28041,
-60.86264, -64.21677] * units.degC
td = [-22.08774, -22.18181, -22.2508, -22.31323, -22.4024, -22.51582, -22.62526,
-22.72919, -22.82095, -22.86173, -22.49489, -21.66936, -21.67332, -21.94054,
-23.63561, -27.17466, -31.87395, -38.31725, -44.54717, -46.99218, -43.17544,
-37.40019, -34.3351, -36.42896, -42.1396, -46.95909, -49.36232, -48.94634,
-47.90178, -49.97902, -55.02753, -63.06276, -72.53742, -88.81377, -93.54573,
-92.92464, -91.57479] * units.degC
prof = parcel_profile(p, t[0], td[0]).to('degC')
lfc_p, lfc_t = lfc(p, t, td, prof)
assert_nan(lfc_p, p.units)
assert_nan(lfc_t, t.units)
def test_saturation_mixing_ratio():
"""Test saturation mixing ratio calculation."""
p = 999. * units.mbar
t = 288. * units.kelvin
assert_almost_equal(saturation_mixing_ratio(p, t), .01068, 3)
def test_saturation_mixing_ratio_with_xarray():
"""Test saturation mixing ratio calculation with xarray."""
temperature = xr.DataArray(
np.arange(10, 18).reshape((2, 2, 2)) * units.degC,
dims=('isobaric', 'y', 'x'),
coords={
'isobaric': (('isobaric',), [700., 850.], {'units': 'hPa'}),
'y': (('y',), [0., 100.], {'units': 'kilometer'}),
'x': (('x',), [0., 100.], {'units': 'kilometer'})
}
)
result = saturation_mixing_ratio(temperature.metpy.vertical, temperature)
expected_values = [[[0.011098, 0.011879], [0.012708, 0.013589]],
[[0.011913, 0.012724], [0.013586, 0.014499]]]
assert_array_almost_equal(result.data, expected_values, 5)
xr.testing.assert_identical(result['isobaric'], temperature['isobaric'])
xr.testing.assert_identical(result['y'], temperature['y'])
xr.testing.assert_identical(result['x'], temperature['x'])
def test_equivalent_potential_temperature():
"""Test equivalent potential temperature calculation."""
p = 1000 * units.mbar
t = 293. * units.kelvin
td = 280. * units.kelvin
ept = equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(ept, 311.18586467284007 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_equivalent_potential_temperature_masked():
"""Test equivalent potential temperature calculation with masked arrays."""
p = 1000 * units.mbar
t = units.Quantity(np.ma.array([293., 294., 295.]), units.kelvin)
td = units.Quantity(
np.ma.array([280., 281., 282.], mask=[False, True, False]),
units.kelvin
)
ept = equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t, td)
expected = units.Quantity(
np.ma.array([311.18586, 313.51781, 315.93971], mask=[False, True, False]),
units.kelvin
)
assert is_quantity(ept)
assert isinstance(ept.m, np.ma.MaskedArray)
assert_array_almost_equal(ept, expected, 3)
def test_wet_bulb_potential_temperature():
"""Test wet_bulb potential temperature calculation."""
p = 1000 * units.mbar
t = 293. * units.kelvin
td = 291. * units.kelvin
wpt = wet_bulb_potential_temperature(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(wpt, 291.65839705486565 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature():
"""Test saturation equivalent potential temperature calculation."""
p = 700 * units.mbar
t = 263.15 * units.kelvin
s_ept = saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t)
# 299.096584 comes from equivalent_potential_temperature(p,t,t)
# where dewpoint and temperature are equal, which means saturations.
assert_almost_equal(s_ept, 299.10542 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature_masked():
"""Test saturation equivalent potential temperature calculation with masked arrays."""
p = 1000 * units.mbar
t = units.Quantity(np.ma.array([293., 294., 295.]), units.kelvin)
s_ept = saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t)
expected = units.Quantity(
np.ma.array([335.02750, 338.95813, 343.08740]),
units.kelvin
)
assert is_quantity(s_ept)
assert isinstance(s_ept.m, np.ma.MaskedArray)
assert_array_almost_equal(s_ept, expected, 3)
def test_virtual_temperature():
"""Test virtual temperature calculation."""
t = 288. * units.kelvin
qv = .0016 * units.dimensionless # kg/kg
tv = virtual_temperature(t, qv)
assert_almost_equal(tv, 288.2796 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_virtual_temperature_from_dewpoint():
"""Test virtual temperature calculation."""
p = 1000 * units.hPa
t = 30 * units.degC
td = 25 * units.degC
tv = virtual_temperature_from_dewpoint(p, t, td)
assert_almost_equal(tv, 33.6740 * units.degC, 3)
def test_virtual_potential_temperature():
"""Test virtual potential temperature calculation."""
p = 999. * units.mbar
t = 288. * units.kelvin
qv = .0016 * units.dimensionless # kg/kg
theta_v = virtual_potential_temperature(p, t, qv)
assert_almost_equal(theta_v, 288.3620 * units.kelvin, 3)
def test_density():
"""Test density calculation."""
p = 999. * units.mbar
t = 288. * units.kelvin
qv = .0016 * units.dimensionless # kg/kg
rho = density(p, t, qv).to(units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3)
assert_almost_equal(rho, 1.2072 * (units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3), 3)
def test_el():
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 471.83286 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -11.5603 * units.degC, 3)
def test_el_kelvin():
"""Test that EL temperature returns Kelvin if Kelvin is provided."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = (np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
dewpoints = (np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) + 273.15) * units.kelvin
el_pressure, el_temp = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 471.8329 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp, -11.5603 * units.degC, 3)
assert el_temp.units == temperatures.units
def test_el_ml():
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation for a mixed parcel."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 400., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -25., -35.]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -35., -53.2]) * units.celsius
__, t_mixed, td_mixed = mixed_parcel(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
mixed_parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, t_mixed, td_mixed)
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, mixed_parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 350.0561 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -28.36156 * units.degC, 3)
def test_no_el():
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when there is no EL in the data."""
levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., 14.3, -11.2, -16.7, -21., -43.3, -56.7]) * units.celsius
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units)
def test_no_el_multi_crossing():
"""Test el calculation with no el and severel parcel path-profile crossings."""
levels = np.array([918., 911., 880., 873.9, 850., 848., 843.5, 818., 813.8, 785.,
773., 763., 757.5, 730.5, 700., 679., 654.4, 645.,
643.9]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([24.2, 22.8, 19.6, 19.1, 17., 16.8, 16.5, 15., 14.9, 14.4, 16.4,
16.2, 15.7, 13.4, 10.6, 8.4, 5.7, 4.6, 4.5]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19.5, 17.8, 16.7, 16.5, 15.8, 15.7, 15.3, 13.1, 12.9, 11.9, 6.4,
3.2, 2.6, -0.6, -4.4, -6.6, -9.3, -10.4, -10.5]) * units.celsius
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units)
def test_lfc_and_el_below_lcl():
"""Test that LFC and EL are returned as NaN if both are below LCL."""
dewpoint = [264.5351, 261.13443, 259.0122, 252.30063, 248.58017, 242.66582] * units.kelvin
temperature = [273.09723, 268.40173, 263.56207, 260.257, 256.63538,
252.91345] * units.kelvin
pressure = [1017.16, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750] * units.hPa
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_nan(lfc_pressure, pressure.units)
assert_nan(lfc_temperature, temperature.units)
assert_nan(el_pressure, pressure.units)
assert_nan(el_temperature, temperature.units)
def test_el_lfc_equals_lcl():
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when the lfc equals the lcl."""
levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1, 748.,
732.3, 700., 654.8, 606.8, 562.4, 501.8, 500., 482.,
400., 393.3, 317.1, 307., 300., 252.7, 250., 200.,
199.3, 197., 190., 172., 156.6, 150., 122.9, 112.,
106.2, 100.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8, 14.3,
13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1, 2.2, -2.7, -10.1,
-10.3, -12.4, -23.3, -24.4, -38., -40.1, -41.1,
-49.8, -50.3, -59.1, -59.1, -59.3, -59.7, -56.3,
-56.9, -57.1, -59.1, -60.1, -58.6, -56.9]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6, 8.8, 0.,
-18.6, -22.9, -27.8, -32.7, -40.1, -40.3, -42.4, -53.3,
-54.4, -68., -70.1, -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70.,
-70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70.]) * units.celsius
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 175.7663 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -57.03994 * units.degC, 3)
def test_el_small_surface_instability():
"""Test that no EL is found when there is a small pocket of instability at the sfc."""
levels = np.array([959., 931.3, 925., 899.3, 892., 867.9, 850., 814.,
807.9, 790., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 655., 647.5,
599.4, 554.7, 550., 500.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 20.2, 19.8, 18.4, 18., 17.4, 17., 15.4, 15.4,
15.6, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., 2.2, 1.4, -4.2, -9.7,
-10.3, -14.9]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([20., 18.5, 18.1, 17.9, 17.8, 15.3, 13.5, 6.4, 2.2,
-10.4, -10.2, -9.8, -9.4, -9., -15.8, -15.7, -14.8, -14.,
-13.9, -17.9]) * units.degC
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units)
def test_no_el_parcel_colder():
"""Test no EL when parcel stays colder than environment. INL 20170925-12Z."""
levels = np.array([974., 946., 925., 877.2, 866., 850., 814.6, 785.,
756.6, 739., 729.1, 700., 686., 671., 641., 613.,
603., 586., 571., 559.3, 539., 533., 500., 491.,
477.9, 413., 390., 378., 345., 336.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([10., 8.4, 7.6, 5.9, 7.2, 7.6, 6.8, 7.1, 7.7,
7.8, 7.7, 5.6, 4.6, 3.4, 0.6, -0.9, -1.1, -3.1,
-4.7, -4.7, -6.9, -7.5, -11.1, -10.9, -12.1, -20.5, -23.5,
-24.7, -30.5, -31.7]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([8.9, 8.4, 7.6, 5.9, 7.2, 7., 5., 3.6, 0.3,
-4.2, -12.8, -12.4, -8.4, -8.6, -6.4, -7.9, -11.1, -14.1,
-8.8, -28.1, -18.9, -14.5, -15.2, -15.1, -21.6, -41.5, -45.5,
-29.6, -30.6, -32.1]) * units.celsius
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units)
assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units)
def test_el_below_lcl():
"""Test LFC when there is positive area below the LCL (#1003)."""
p = [902.1554, 897.9034, 893.6506, 889.4047, 883.063, 874.6284, 866.2387, 857.887,
849.5506, 841.2686, 833.0042, 824.7891, 812.5049, 796.2104, 776.0027, 751.9025,
727.9612, 704.1409, 680.4028, 656.7156, 629.077, 597.4286, 565.6315, 533.5961,
501.2452, 468.493, 435.2486, 401.4239, 366.9387, 331.7026, 295.6319, 258.6428,
220.9178, 182.9384, 144.959, 106.9778, 69.00213] * units.hPa
t = [-3.039381, -3.703779, -4.15996, -4.562574, -5.131827, -5.856229, -6.568434,
-7.276881, -7.985013, -8.670911, -8.958063, -7.631381, -6.05927, -5.083627,
-5.11576, -5.687552, -5.453021, -4.981445, -5.236665, -6.324916, -8.434324,
-11.58795, -14.99297, -18.45947, -21.92021, -25.40522, -28.914, -32.78637,
-37.7179, -43.56836, -49.61077, -54.24449, -56.16666, -57.03775, -58.28041,
-60.86264, -64.21677] * units.degC
td = [-22.08774, -22.18181, -22.2508, -22.31323, -22.4024, -22.51582, -22.62526,
-22.72919, -22.82095, -22.86173, -22.49489, -21.66936, -21.67332, -21.94054,
-23.63561, -27.17466, -31.87395, -38.31725, -44.54717, -46.99218, -43.17544,
-37.40019, -34.3351, -36.42896, -42.1396, -46.95909, -49.36232, -48.94634,
-47.90178, -49.97902, -55.02753, -63.06276, -72.53742, -88.81377, -93.54573,
-92.92464, -91.57479] * units.degC
prof = parcel_profile(p, t[0], td[0]).to('degC')
el_p, el_t = el(p, t, td, prof)
assert_nan(el_p, p.units)
assert_nan(el_t, t.units)
def test_el_profile_nan():
"""Test EL when the profile includes NaN values."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, np.nan, 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, np.nan, -53.2]) * units.degC
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 673.0104 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, 5.8853 * units.degC, 3)
def test_el_profile_nan_with_parcel_profile():
"""Test EL when the profile includes NaN values, and a parcel temp profile is specified."""
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, np.nan, 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, np.nan, -53.2]) * units.degC
parcel_temps = parcel_profile(levels, temperatures[0], dewpoints[0]).to('degC')
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, parcel_temps)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 673.0104 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, 5.8853 * units.degC, 3)
def test_wet_psychrometric_vapor_pressure():
"""Test calculation of vapor pressure from wet and dry bulb temperatures."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC
psychrometric_vapor_pressure = psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet(p, dry_bulb_temperature,
wet_bulb_temperature)
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_vapor_pressure, 19.3673 * units.mbar, 3)
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh():
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(p, dry_bulb_temperature,
wet_bulb_temperature)
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.8747 * units.percent, 3)
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh_kwargs():
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC
coeff = 6.1e-4 / units.kelvin
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(p, dry_bulb_temperature,
wet_bulb_temperature,
psychrometer_coefficient=coeff)
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.9701 * units.percent, 3)
def test_mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test relative humidity from mixing ratio."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
rh = 81.7219 * units.percent
w = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(p, temperature, rh)
assert_almost_equal(w, 0.012 * units.dimensionless, 3)
def test_rh_mixing_ratio():
"""Test relative humidity from mixing ratio."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
w = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
rh = relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(p, temperature, w)
assert_almost_equal(rh, 82.0709069 * units.percent, 3)
def test_mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity():
"""Test mixing ratio from specific humidity."""
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
w = mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(q)
assert_almost_equal(w, 0.01215, 3)
def test_mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity_no_units():
"""Test mixing ratio from specific humidity works without units."""
q = 0.012
w = mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(q)
assert_almost_equal(w, 0.01215, 3)
def test_specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio():
"""Test specific humidity from mixing ratio."""
w = 0.01215 * units.dimensionless
q = specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(w)
assert_almost_equal(q, 0.01200, 5)
def test_specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio_no_units():
"""Test specific humidity from mixing ratio works without units."""
w = 0.01215
q = specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(w)
assert_almost_equal(q, 0.01200, 5)
def test_rh_specific_humidity():
"""Test relative humidity from specific humidity."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
rh = relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity(p, temperature, q)
assert_almost_equal(rh, 83.0486264 * units.percent, 3)
def test_cape_cin():
"""Test the basic CAPE and CIN calculation."""
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0])
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 215.056976 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -9.94798721 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_cape_cin_no_el():
"""Test that CAPE works with no EL."""
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4]) * units.celsius
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC')
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 12.74623773 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -9.947987213 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_cape_cin_no_lfc():
"""Test that CAPE is zero with no LFC."""
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([22.2, 24.6, 22., 20.4, 18., -10.]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC')
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_find_append_zero_crossings():
"""Test finding and appending zero crossings of an x, y series."""
x = np.arange(11) * units.hPa
y = np.array([3, 2, 1, -1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 2]) * units.degC
x2, y2 = _find_append_zero_crossings(x, y)
x_truth = np.array([0., 1., 2., 2.4494897, 3., 3.3019272, 4., 5.,
6., 7., 8., 9., 9.3216975, 10.]) * units.hPa
y_truth = np.array([3, 2, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2]) * units.degC
assert_array_almost_equal(x2, x_truth, 6)
assert_almost_equal(y2, y_truth, 6)
def test_most_unstable_parcel():
"""Test calculating the most unstable parcel."""
levels = np.array([1000., 959., 867.9]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([18.2, 22.2, 17.4]) * units.celsius
dewpoints = np.array([19., 19., 14.3]) * units.celsius
ret = most_unstable_parcel(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, depth=100 * units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(ret[0], 959.0 * units.hPa, 6)
assert_almost_equal(ret[1], 22.2 * units.degC, 6)
assert_almost_equal(ret[2], 19.0 * units.degC, 6)
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:invalid value:RuntimeWarning')
def test_isentropic_pressure():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290
tmp[3, :] = 288.
tmp[:, :, -1] = np.nan
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk)
trueprs = np.ones((1, 5, 5)) * (1000. * units.hPa)
trueprs[:, :, -1] = np.nan
assert isentprs[0].shape == (1, 5, 5)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0], trueprs, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_masked_column():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function with a masked column (#769)."""
lev = [100000., 95000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ma.ones((len(lev), 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[:, :, -1] = np.ma.masked
tmp = units.Quantity(tmp, units.kelvin)
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation([296.] * units.kelvin, lev, tmp)
trueprs = np.ones((1, 5, 5)) * (1000. * units.hPa)
trueprs[:, :, -1] = np.nan
assert isentprs[0].shape == (1, 5, 5)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0], trueprs, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_p_increase():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, p increasing order."""
lev = [85000, 90000., 95000., 100000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 288.
tmp[1, :] = 290.
tmp[2, :] = 292.
tmp[3, :] = 296.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk)
trueprs = 1000. * units.hPa
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0], trueprs, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_additional_args():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, additional args."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290.
tmp[3, :] = 288.
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
rh[0, :] = 100.
rh[1, :] = 80.
rh[2, :] = 40.
rh[3, :] = 20.
relh = rh * units.percent
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh)
truerh = 100. * units.percent
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truerh, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_tmp_out():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, temperature output."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290.
tmp[3, :] = 288.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, temperature_out=True)
truetmp = 296. * units.kelvin
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truetmp, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_p_increase_rh_out():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, p increasing order."""
lev = [85000., 90000., 95000., 100000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 288.
tmp[1, :] = 290.
tmp[2, :] = 292.
tmp[3, :] = 296.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
rh[0, :] = 20.
rh[1, :] = 40.
rh[2, :] = 80.
rh[3, :] = 100.
relh = rh * units.percent
isentlev = 296. * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh)
truerh = 100. * units.percent
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truerh, 3)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('press_3d', [False, True])
def test_isentropic_pressure_interp(press_3d):
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
if press_3d:
lev = np.broadcast_to(lev[:, None, None], (4, 5, 5))
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290
tmp[3, :] = 288.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296., 297] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk)
trueprs = 936.213 * units.hPa
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][1], trueprs, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_addition_args_interp():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, additional args."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290.
tmp[3, :] = 288.
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
rh[0, :] = 100.
rh[1, :] = 80.
rh[2, :] = 40.
rh[3, :] = 20.
relh = rh * units.percent
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh)
truerh = 69.197 * units.percent
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][1], truerh, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_tmp_out_interp():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, temperature output."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290.
tmp[3, :] = 288.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, temperature_out=True)
truetmp = 291.4579 * units.kelvin
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][1], truetmp, 3)
def test_isentropic_pressure_data_bounds_error():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, error for data out of bounds."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5))
tmp[0, :] = 296.
tmp[1, :] = 292.
tmp[2, :] = 290.
tmp[3, :] = 288.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
isentlev = [296., 350.] * units.kelvin
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk)
def test_isentropic_pressure_4d():
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function."""
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa
tmp = np.ones((3, 4, 5, 5))
tmp[:, 0, :] = 296.
tmp[:, 1, :] = 292.
tmp[:, 2, :] = 290
tmp[:, 3, :] = 288.
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin
rh = np.ones((3, 4, 5, 5))
rh[:, 0, :] = 100.
rh[:, 1, :] = 80.
rh[:, 2, :] = 40.
rh[:, 3, :] = 20.
relh = rh * units.percent
isentlev = [296., 297., 300.] * units.kelvin
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh, vertical_dim=1)
trueprs = 1000. * units.hPa
trueprs2 = 936.213 * units.hPa
trueprs3 = 879.50375588 * units.hPa
truerh = 69.19706 * units.percent
assert isentprs[0].shape == (3, 3, 5, 5)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 0, :], trueprs, 3)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 1, :], trueprs2, 3)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 2, :], trueprs3, 3)
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][:, 1, ], truerh, 3)
@pytest.fixture
def xarray_isentropic_data():
"""Generate test xarray dataset for interpolation functions."""
return xr.Dataset(
{
'temperature': (
('isobaric', 'y', 'x'),
[[[296.]], [[292.]], [[290.]], [[288.]]] * units.K
),
'rh': (
('isobaric', 'y', 'x'),
[[[100.]], [[80.]], [[40.]], [[20.]]] * units.percent
)
},
coords={
'isobaric': (('isobaric',), [1000., 950., 900., 850.], {'units': 'hPa'}),
'time': '2020-01-01T00:00Z'
}
)
def test_isentropic_interpolation_dataarray(xarray_isentropic_data):
"""Test calculation of isentropic interpolation with xarray dataarrays."""
rh = xarray_isentropic_data.rh
temp = xarray_isentropic_data.temperature
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
press, rh_interp = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, temp.isobaric, temp, rh)
assert_array_almost_equal(press, np.array([[[1000.]], [[936.213]]]) * units.hPa, 3)
assert_array_almost_equal(rh_interp, np.array([[[100.]], [[69.19706]]]) * units.percent, 3)
def test_isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset(xarray_isentropic_data):
"""Test calculation of isentropic interpolation with xarray."""
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
result = isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset(isentlev, xarray_isentropic_data.temperature,
xarray_isentropic_data.rh)
expected = xr.Dataset(
{
'pressure': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[1000.]], [[936.213]]] * units.hPa,
{'standard_name': 'air_pressure'}
),
'temperature': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[296.]], [[291.4579]]] * units.K,
{'standard_name': 'air_temperature'}
),
'rh': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[100.]], [[69.19706]]] * units.percent
)
},
coords={
'isentropic_level': (
('isentropic_level',),
[296., 297.],
{'units': 'kelvin', 'positive': 'up'}
),
'time': '2020-01-01T00:00Z'
}
)
xr.testing.assert_allclose(result, expected)
assert result['pressure'].attrs == expected['pressure'].attrs
assert result['temperature'].attrs == expected['temperature'].attrs
assert result['isentropic_level'].attrs == expected['isentropic_level'].attrs
def test_isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset_duplicate(xarray_isentropic_data):
"""Test duplicate-level check in isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset."""
isentlev = [296., 296.] * units.kelvin
with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
_ = isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset(isentlev, xarray_isentropic_data.temperature,
xarray_isentropic_data.rh)
@pytest.fixture
def xarray_sigma_isentropic_data():
"""Generate test xarray dataset on sigma vertical coords for interpolation functions."""
return xr.Dataset(
{
'temperature': (
('z', 'y', 'x'),
[[[296.]], [[292.]], [[290.]], [[288.]]] * units.K
),
'rh': (
('z', 'y', 'x'),
[[[100.]], [[80.]], [[40.]], [[20.]]] * units.percent
),
'pressure': (
('z', 'y', 'x'),
[[[1000.]], [[950.]], [[900.]], [[850.]]] * units.hPa
)
},
coords={
'z': (('z',), [0.98, 0.928, 0.876, 0.825], {'units': 'dimensionless'}),
'time': '2020-01-01T00:00Z'
}
)
def test_isen_interpolation_as_dataset_non_pressure_default(xarray_sigma_isentropic_data):
"""Test isentropic interpolation with xarray data with non-pressure vertical coord."""
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='vertical coordinate for the.*does not'):
isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset(isentlev,
xarray_sigma_isentropic_data.temperature,
xarray_sigma_isentropic_data.rh)
def test_isen_interpolation_as_dataset_passing_pressre(xarray_sigma_isentropic_data):
"""Test isentropic interpolation with xarray when passing a pressure array."""
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin
result = isentropic_interpolation_as_dataset(
isentlev, xarray_sigma_isentropic_data.temperature,
xarray_sigma_isentropic_data.rh, pressure=xarray_sigma_isentropic_data.pressure)
expected = xr.Dataset(
{
'pressure': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[1000.]], [[936.213]]] * units.hPa,
{'standard_name': 'air_pressure'}
),
'temperature': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[296.]], [[291.4579]]] * units.K,
{'standard_name': 'air_temperature'}
),
'rh': (
('isentropic_level', 'y', 'x'),
[[[100.]], [[69.19706]]] * units.percent
)
},
coords={
'isentropic_level': (
('isentropic_level',),
[296., 297.],
{'units': 'kelvin', 'positive': 'up'}
),
'time': '2020-01-01T00:00Z'
}
)
xr.testing.assert_allclose(result, expected)
assert result['pressure'].attrs == expected['pressure'].attrs
assert result['temperature'].attrs == expected['temperature'].attrs
assert result['isentropic_level'].attrs == expected['isentropic_level'].attrs
@pytest.mark.parametrize('array_class', (units.Quantity, masked_array))
def test_surface_based_cape_cin(array_class):
"""Test the surface-based CAPE and CIN calculation."""
p = array_class([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.], units.mbar)
temperature = array_class([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.], units.celsius)
dewpoint = array_class([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2], units.celsius)
cape, cin = surface_based_cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 215.05697634 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -33.0633599455 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_surface_based_cape_cin_with_xarray():
"""Test the surface-based CAPE and CIN calculation with xarray."""
data = xr.Dataset(
{
'temperature': (('isobaric',), [22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.] * units.degC),
'dewpoint': (('isobaric',), [19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2] * units.degC)
},
coords={
'isobaric': (
('isobaric',),
[959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.],
{'units': 'hPa'}
)
}
)
cape, cin = surface_based_cape_cin(
data['isobaric'],
data['temperature'],
data['dewpoint']
)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 215.056976346 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -33.0633599455 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_profile_with_nans():
"""Test a profile with nans to make sure it calculates functions appropriately (#1187)."""
pressure = np.array([1001, 1000, 997, 977.9, 977, 957, 937.8, 925, 906, 899.3, 887, 862.5,
854, 850, 800, 793.9, 785, 777, 771, 762, 731.8, 726, 703, 700, 655,
630, 621.2, 602, 570.7, 548, 546.8, 539, 513, 511, 485, 481, 468,
448, 439, 424, 420, 412]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([-22.5, -22.7, -23.1, np.nan, -24.5, -25.1, np.nan, -24.5, -23.9,
np.nan, -24.7, np.nan, -21.3, -21.3, -22.7, np.nan, -20.7, -16.3,
-15.5, np.nan, np.nan, -15.3, np.nan, -17.3, -20.9, -22.5,
np.nan, -25.5, np.nan, -31.5, np.nan, -31.5, -34.1, -34.3,
-37.3, -37.7, -39.5, -42.1, -43.1, -45.1, -45.7, -46.7]
) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([-25.1, -26.1, -26.8, np.nan, -27.3, -28.2, np.nan, -27.2, -26.6,
np.nan, -27.4, np.nan, -23.5, -23.5, -25.1, np.nan, -22.9, -17.8,
-16.6, np.nan, np.nan, -16.4, np.nan, -18.5, -21, -23.7, np.nan,
-28.3, np.nan, -32.6, np.nan, -33.8, -35, -35.1, -38.1, -40,
-43.3, -44.6, -46.4, -47, -49.2, -50.7]) * units.degC
lfc_p, _ = lfc(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
profile = parcel_profile(pressure, temperature[0], dewpoint[0])
cape, cin = cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint, profile)
sbcape, sbcin = surface_based_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
mucape, mucin = most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_nan(lfc_p, units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
assert_almost_equal(cin, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
assert_almost_equal(sbcape, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
assert_almost_equal(sbcin, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
assert_almost_equal(mucape, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
assert_almost_equal(mucin, 0 * units('J/kg'), 0)
def test_most_unstable_cape_cin_surface():
"""Test the most unstable CAPE/CIN calculation when surface is most unstable."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
mucape, mucin = most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(mucape, 215.056976346 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(mucin, -33.0633599455 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_most_unstable_cape_cin():
"""Test the most unstable CAPE/CIN calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1000., 959., 867.9, 850., 825., 800.]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([18.2, 22.2, 17.4, 10., 0., 15]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., 19., 14.3, 0., -10., 0.]) * units.celsius
mucape, mucin = most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(mucape, 173.749389796 * units('joule / kilogram'), 4)
assert_almost_equal(mucin, -20.968278741 * units('joule / kilogram'), 4)
def test_mixed_parcel():
"""Test the mixed parcel calculation."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.degC
parcel_pressure, parcel_temperature, parcel_dewpoint = mixed_parcel(pressure, temperature,
dewpoint,
depth=250 * units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(parcel_pressure, 959. * units.hPa, 6)
assert_almost_equal(parcel_temperature, 28.7401463 * units.degC, 2)
assert_almost_equal(parcel_dewpoint, 7.15346585151 * units.degC, 2)
def test_mixed_layer_cape_cin(multiple_intersections):
"""Test the calculation of mixed layer cape/cin."""
pressure, temperature, dewpoint = multiple_intersections
mlcape, mlcin = mixed_layer_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(mlcape, 1132.706800436 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(mlcin, -13.4809966289 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_mixed_layer_cape_cin_bottom_pressure(multiple_intersections):
"""Test the calculation of mixed layer cape/cin with a specified bottom pressure."""
pressure, temperature, dewpoint = multiple_intersections
mlcape_middle, mlcin_middle = mixed_layer_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint,
parcel_start_pressure=903 * units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(mlcape_middle, 1177.86 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(mlcin_middle, -37. * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_dcape():
"""Test the calculation of DCAPE."""
pressure = [1008., 1000., 950., 900., 850., 800., 750., 700., 650., 600.,
550., 500., 450., 400., 350., 300., 250., 200.,
175., 150., 125., 100., 80., 70., 60., 50.,
40., 30., 25., 20.] * units.hPa
temperature = [29.3, 28.1, 25.5, 20.9, 18.4, 15.9, 13.1, 10.1, 6.7, 3.1,
-0.5, -4.5, -9.0, -14.8, -21.5, -29.7, -40.0, -52.4,
-59.2, -66.5, -74.1, -78.5, -76.0, -71.6, -66.7, -61.3,
-56.3, -51.7, -50.7, -47.5] * units.degC
dewpoint = [26.5, 23.3, 16.1, 6.4, 15.3, 10.9, 8.8, 7.9, 0.6,
-16.6, -9.2, -9.9, -14.6, -32.8, -51.2, -32.7, -42.6, -58.9,
-69.5, -71.7, -75.9, -79.3, -79.7, -72.5, -73.3, -64.3, -70.6,
-75.8, -51.2, -56.4] * units.degC
dcape, down_press, down_t = downdraft_cape(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(dcape, 1222 * units('joule / kilogram'), 0)
assert_array_almost_equal(down_press, pressure[:10], 0)
assert_almost_equal(down_t, [17.5, 17.2, 15.2, 13.1, 10.9, 8.4,
5.7, 2.7, -0.6, -4.3] * units.degC, 1)
def test_mixed_layer():
"""Test the mixed layer calculation."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
mixed_layer_temperature = mixed_layer(pressure, temperature, depth=250 * units.hPa)[0]
assert_almost_equal(mixed_layer_temperature, 16.4024930 * units.degC, 6)
def test_dry_static_energy():
"""Test the dry static energy calculation."""
dse = dry_static_energy(1000 * units.m, 25 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(dse, 309.3479 * units('kJ/kg'), 4)
def test_moist_static_energy():
"""Test the moist static energy calculation."""
mse = moist_static_energy(1000 * units.m, 25 * units.degC, 0.012 * units.dimensionless)
assert_almost_equal(mse, 339.35796 * units('kJ/kg'), 4)
def test_thickness_hydrostatic():
"""Test the thickness calculation for a moist layer."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
mixing = np.array([0.01458, 0.00209, 0.00224, 0.00240, 0.00256, 0.00010])
thickness = thickness_hydrostatic(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio=mixing)
assert_almost_equal(thickness, 9891.706 * units.m, 2)
def test_thickness_hydrostatic_subset():
"""Test the thickness calculation with a subset of the moist layer."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
mixing = np.array([0.01458, 0.00209, 0.00224, 0.00240, 0.00256, 0.00010])
thickness = thickness_hydrostatic(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio=mixing,
bottom=850 * units.hPa, depth=150 * units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(thickness, 1630.752 * units.m, 2)
def test_thickness_hydrostatic_isothermal():
"""Test the thickness calculation for a dry isothermal layer at 0 degC."""
pressure = np.arange(1000, 500 - 1e-10, -10) * units.hPa
temperature = np.zeros_like(pressure) * units.degC
thickness = thickness_hydrostatic(pressure, temperature)
assert_almost_equal(thickness, 5541.91 * units.m, 2)
def test_thickness_hydrostatic_isothermal_subset():
"""Test the thickness calculation for a dry isothermal layer subset at 0 degC."""
pressure = np.arange(1000, 500 - 1e-10, -10) * units.hPa
temperature = np.zeros_like(pressure) * units.degC
thickness = thickness_hydrostatic(pressure, temperature, bottom=850 * units.hPa,
depth=350 * units.hPa)
assert_almost_equal(thickness, 4242.527 * units.m, 2)
def test_thickness_hydrostatic_from_relative_humidity():
"""Test the thickness calculation for a moist layer using RH data."""
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC
relative_humidity = np.array([81.69, 15.43, 18.95, 23.32, 28.36, 18.55]) * units.percent
thickness = thickness_hydrostatic_from_relative_humidity(pressure, temperature,
relative_humidity)
assert_almost_equal(thickness, 9891.56669 * units.m, 2)
def test_mixing_ratio_dimensions():
"""Verify mixing ratio returns a dimensionless number."""
p = 998. * units.mbar
e = 73.75 * units.hPa
assert mixing_ratio(e, p).units == units('dimensionless')
def test_saturation_mixing_ratio_dimensions():
"""Verify saturation mixing ratio returns a dimensionless number."""
p = 998. * units.mbar
temp = 20 * units.celsius
assert saturation_mixing_ratio(p, temp).units == units('dimensionless')
def test_mixing_ratio_from_rh_dimensions():
"""Verify mixing ratio from RH returns a dimensionless number."""
p = 1000. * units.mbar
temperature = 0. * units.degC
rh = 100. * units.percent
assert (mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(p, temperature, rh).units
== units('dimensionless'))
@pytest.fixture
def bv_data():
"""Return height and potential temperature data for testing Brunt-Vaisala functions."""
heights = [1000., 1500., 2000., 2500.] * units('m')
potential_temperatures = [[290., 290., 290., 290.],
[292., 293., 293., 292.],
[294., 296., 293., 293.],
[296., 295., 293., 296.]] * units('K')
return heights, potential_temperatures
def test_brunt_vaisala_frequency_squared(bv_data):
"""Test Brunt-Vaisala frequency squared function."""
truth = [[1.35264138e-04, 2.02896207e-04, 3.04344310e-04, 1.69080172e-04],
[1.34337671e-04, 2.00818771e-04, 1.00409386e-04, 1.00753253e-04],
[1.33423810e-04, 6.62611486e-05, 0, 1.33879181e-04],
[1.32522297e-04, -1.99457288e-04, 0., 2.65044595e-04]] * units('s^-2')
bv_freq_sqr = brunt_vaisala_frequency_squared(bv_data[0], bv_data[1])
assert_almost_equal(bv_freq_sqr, truth, 6)
def test_brunt_vaisala_frequency(bv_data):
"""Test Brunt-Vaisala frequency function."""
truth = [[0.01163031, 0.01424416, 0.01744547, 0.01300308],
[0.01159041, 0.01417105, 0.01002045, 0.01003759],
[0.01155092, 0.00814010, 0., 0.01157062],
[0.01151183, np.nan, 0., 0.01628019]] * units('s^-1')
bv_freq = brunt_vaisala_frequency(bv_data[0], bv_data[1])
assert_almost_equal(bv_freq, truth, 6)
def test_brunt_vaisala_period(bv_data):
"""Test Brunt-Vaisala period function."""
truth = [[540.24223556, 441.10593821, 360.16149037, 483.20734521],
[542.10193894, 443.38165033, 627.03634320, 625.96540075],
[543.95528431, 771.88106656, np.nan, 543.02940230],
[545.80233643, np.nan, np.nan, 385.94053328]] * units('s')
bv_period = brunt_vaisala_period(bv_data[0], bv_data[1])
assert_almost_equal(bv_period, truth, 6)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('temp_units', ['degF', 'degC', 'K'])
def test_wet_bulb_temperature(temp_units):
"""Test wet bulb calculation with scalars."""
temp = 25 * units.degC
dewp = 15 * units.degC
val = wet_bulb_temperature(1000 * units.hPa, temp.to(temp_units), dewp.to(temp_units))
truth = 18.3432116 * units.degC # 18.59 from NWS calculator
assert_almost_equal(val, truth, 5)
def test_wet_bulb_temperature_saturated():
"""Test wet bulb calculation works properly with saturated conditions."""
val = wet_bulb_temperature(850. * units.hPa, 17.6 * units.degC, 17.6 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(val, 17.6 * units.degC, 7)
def test_wet_bulb_temperature_numpy_scalars():
"""Test wet bulb calculation with NumPy scalars, which have a shape attribute."""
pressure = units.Quantity(np.float32(1000), 'hPa')
temperature = units.Quantity(np.float32(25), 'degC')
dewpoint = units.Quantity(np.float32(15), 'degC')
val = wet_bulb_temperature(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
truth = 18.3432116 * units.degC
assert_almost_equal(val, truth, 5)
def test_wet_bulb_temperature_1d():
"""Test wet bulb calculation with 1d list."""
pressures = [1013, 1000, 990] * units.hPa
temperatures = [25, 20, 15] * units.degC
dewpoints = [20, 15, 10] * units.degC
val = wet_bulb_temperature(pressures, temperatures, dewpoints)
truth = [21.44487, 16.73673, 12.06554] * units.degC
# 21.58, 16.86, 12.18 from NWS Calculator
assert_array_almost_equal(val, truth, 5)
def test_wet_bulb_temperature_2d():
"""Test wet bulb calculation with 2d list."""
pressures = [[1013, 1000, 990],
[1012, 999, 989]] * units.hPa
temperatures = [[25, 20, 15],
[24, 19, 14]] * units.degC
dewpoints = [[20, 15, 10],
[19, 14, 9]] * units.degC
val = wet_bulb_temperature(pressures, temperatures, dewpoints)
truth = [[21.44487, 16.73673, 12.06554],
[20.50205, 15.80108, 11.13603]] * units.degC
# 21.58, 16.86, 12.18
# 20.6, 15.9, 11.2 from NWS Calculator
assert_array_almost_equal(val, truth, 5)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('temp_units', ['degF', 'degC', 'K'])
def test_wet_bulb_nan(temp_units):
"""Test wet bulb calculation with nans."""
pressure = [1000.0, 975.0, 950.0, 925.0, 900.0, 850.0, 800.0, 750.0, 700.0, 650.0, 600.0,
550.0, 500.0, 450.0, 400.0, 350.0, 300.0, 250.0, 200.0, 150.0, 100.0, 70.0,
50.0, 40.0, 30.0, 20.0, 15.0, 10.0, 7.0, 5.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.4] * units.hPa
dewpoint = [18.26819029083491, 17.461145433226555, 16.336553308346822, 13.115820973342743,
6.143452735189838, -0.2623966010678873, -3.3370926082535926,
-6.550658968811679, -9.53219938820244, -14.238884651017894, -22.66240089860936,
-30.84751911458423, -33.68444429930677, -33.758997581695766,
-44.84378577284087, -43.464276398501696, -60.91091595765517,
-59.34560239336541, -77.78116414272493, -77.3133221938806, -82.27649829610058,
-83.63567550304444, -84.52241968178798, np.nan, -90.08663879090643,
-88.4437696852317, np.nan, -89.92561301616831, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan,
np.nan, np.nan] * units.degC
temperature = [21.38790283, 19.25753174, 17.29430542, 16.52999878, 16.88999023,
15.28999634, 12.13189697, 8.73193359, 5.1416748, 1.52350464, -2.15553589,
-6.14998169, -11.08999634, -17.96802979, -25.26040649, -32.41000061,
-41.09917908, -45.71267395, -48.46999512, -59.97120056, -74.6106781,
-79.78999329, -74.53684082, -63.49831848, -58.1831604, -53.39454041,
-48.2122467, -39.66942444, -34.30999451, -33.35002747, -23.31001892,
-14.55002441, -11.74678955, -25.58999634] * units.degC
val = wet_bulb_temperature(pressure, temperature.to(temp_units), dewpoint.to(temp_units))
truth = [19.238071735308814, 18.033294139060633, 16.65179610640866, 14.341431051131467,
10.713278865013098, 7.2703265785039, 4.63234087372236, 1.8324379627895773,
-1.0154897545814394, -4.337334561885717, -8.23596994210175, -11.902727397896111,
-15.669313544076992, -20.78875735056887, -27.342629368898884, -33.42946313024462,
-41.8026422159221, -46.17279371976847, -48.99179569697857, -60.13602538549741,
-74.63516192059605, -79.80028104362006, -74.59295016865613, np.nan,
-59.20059644897026, -55.76040402608365, np.nan, -49.692666440433335, np.nan,
np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan] * units.degC
assert_array_almost_equal(val, truth, 5)
def test_static_stability_adiabatic():
"""Test static stability calculation with a dry adiabatic profile."""
pressures = [1000., 900., 800., 700., 600., 500.] * units.hPa
temperature_start = 20 * units.degC
temperatures = dry_lapse(pressures, temperature_start)
sigma = static_stability(pressures, temperatures)
truth = np.zeros_like(pressures) * units('J kg^-1 hPa^-2')
# Should be zero with a dry adiabatic profile
assert_almost_equal(sigma, truth, 6)
def test_static_stability_cross_section():
"""Test static stability calculation with a 2D cross-section."""
pressures = [[850., 700., 500.],
[850., 700., 500.],
[850., 700., 500.]] * units.hPa
temperatures = [[17., 11., -10.],
[16., 10., -11.],
[11., 6., -12.]] * units.degC
sigma = static_stability(pressures, temperatures, vertical_dim=1)
truth = [[0.028203, 0.020182, 0.003077],
[0.028097, 0.020008, 0.002774],
[0.02841, 0.02368, 0.013184]] * units('J kg^-1 hPa^-2')
assert_almost_equal(sigma, truth, 6)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity():
"""Test dewpoint from specific humidity."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
with pytest.deprecated_call(match='Temperature argument'):
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(p, temperature, q)
assert_almost_equal(td, 17.0363429 * units.degC, 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_old_signature():
"""Test dewpoint from specific humidity using old signature issues specific error."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
with (pytest.deprecated_call(match='Temperature argument'),
pytest.raises(ValueError, match='changed in version')):
dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(q, temperature, p)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_kwargs():
"""Test kw-specified signature for backwards compatibility MetPy>=1.6."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
with pytest.deprecated_call(match='Temperature argument'):
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(
pressure=p, temperature=temperature, specific_humidity=q)
assert_almost_equal(td, 17.036 * units.degC, 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_three_mixed_args_kwargs():
"""Test mixed arg, kwarg handling for backwards compatibility MetPy>=1.6."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
temperature = 20. * units.degC
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
with pytest.deprecated_call(match='Temperature argument'):
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(
p, temperature, specific_humidity=q)
assert_almost_equal(td, 17.036 * units.degC, 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_two_mixed_args_kwargs():
"""Test function's internal arg, kwarg processing handles mixed case."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(
p, specific_humidity=q)
assert_almost_equal(td, 17.036 * units.degC, 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_two_args():
"""Test new signature, Temperature unneeded, MetPy>=1.6."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
q = 0.012 * units.dimensionless
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(p, q)
assert_almost_equal(td, 17.036 * units.degC, 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_arrays():
"""Test function arg handling can process arrays."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
q = np.tile(0.012 * units.dimensionless, (3, 2))
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(p, specific_humidity=q)
assert_almost_equal(td, np.tile(17.036 * units.degC, (3, 2)), 3)
def test_dewpoint_specific_humidity_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test function arg handling processes xarray inputs."""
p = index_xarray_data.isobaric
q = specific_humidity_from_dewpoint(p, index_xarray_data.dewpoint)
td = dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(p, specific_humidity=q)
assert_array_almost_equal(td, index_xarray_data.dewpoint)
def test_lfc_not_below_lcl():
"""Test sounding where LFC appears to be (but isn't) below LCL."""
levels = np.array([1002.5, 1001.7, 1001., 1000.3, 999.7, 999., 998.2, 977.9,
966.2, 952.3, 940.6, 930.5, 919.8, 909.1, 898.9, 888.4,
878.3, 868.1, 858., 848., 837.2, 827., 816.7, 805.4]) * units.hPa
temperatures = np.array([17.9, 17.9, 17.8, 17.7, 17.7, 17.6, 17.5, 16.,
15.2, 14.5, 13.8, 13., 12.5, 11.9, 11.4, 11.,
10.3, 9.7, 9.2, 8.7, 8., 7.4, 6.8, 6.1]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([13.6, 13.6, 13.5, 13.5, 13.5, 13.5, 13.4, 12.5,
12.1, 11.8, 11.4, 11.3, 11., 9.3, 10., 8.7, 8.9,
8.6, 8.1, 7.6, 7., 6.5, 6., 5.4]) * units.degC
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
# Before patch, LFC pressure would show 1000.5912165339967 hPa
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 811.618879 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 6.48644650 * units.celsius, 3)
@pytest.fixture
def multiple_intersections():
"""Create profile with multiple LFCs and ELs for testing."""
levels = np.array([966., 937.2, 925., 904.6, 872.6, 853., 850., 836., 821., 811.6, 782.3,
754.2, 726.9, 700., 648.9, 624.6, 601.1, 595., 587., 576., 555.7,
534.2, 524., 500., 473.3, 400., 384.5, 358., 343., 308.3, 300., 276.,
273., 268.5, 250., 244.2, 233., 200.]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([18.2, 16.8, 16.2, 15.1, 13.3, 12.2, 12.4, 14., 14.4,
13.7, 11.4, 9.1, 6.8, 4.4, -1.4, -4.4, -7.3, -8.1,
-7.9, -7.7, -8.7, -9.8, -10.3, -13.5, -17.1, -28.1, -30.7,
-35.3, -37.1, -43.5, -45.1, -49.9, -50.4, -51.1, -54.1, -55.,
-56.7, -57.5]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([16.9, 15.9, 15.5, 14.2, 12.1, 10.8, 8.6, 0., -3.6, -4.4,
-6.9, -9.5, -12., -14.6, -15.8, -16.4, -16.9, -17.1, -27.9, -42.7,
-44.1, -45.6, -46.3, -45.5, -47.1, -52.1, -50.4, -47.3, -57.1,
-57.9, -58.1, -60.9, -61.4, -62.1, -65.1, -65.6,
-66.7, -70.5]) * units.degC
return levels, temperatures, dewpoints
def test_multiple_lfcs_simple(multiple_intersections):
"""Test sounding with multiple LFCs.
If which='top', return lowest-pressure LFC.
If which='bottom', return the highest-pressure LFC.
If which='all', return all LFCs
"""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
lfc_pressure_top, lfc_temp_top = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
lfc_pressure_bottom, lfc_temp_bottom = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints,
which='bottom')
lfc_pressure_all, _ = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='all')
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure_top, 705.3534497 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp_top, 4.884899 * units.degC, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure_bottom, 884.1478935 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp_bottom, 13.95706975 * units.degC, 3)
assert_almost_equal(len(lfc_pressure_all), 2, 0)
def test_multiple_lfs_wide(multiple_intersections):
"""Test 'wide' LFC for sounding with multiple LFCs."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
lfc_pressure_wide, lfc_temp_wide = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='wide')
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure_wide, 705.3534497 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp_wide, 4.88489902 * units.degC, 3)
def test_invalid_which(multiple_intersections):
"""Test error message for invalid which option for LFC and EL."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='test')
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='test')
def test_multiple_els_simple(multiple_intersections):
"""Test sounding with multiple ELs.
If which='top', return lowest-pressure EL.
If which='bottom', return the highest-pressure EL.
If which='all', return all ELs
"""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
el_pressure_top, el_temp_top = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints)
el_pressure_bottom, el_temp_bottom = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='bottom')
el_pressure_all, _ = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='all')
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure_top, 228.151524 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp_top, -56.810153566 * units.degC, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure_bottom, 849.7998957 * units.mbar, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp_bottom, 12.42268288 * units.degC, 3)
assert_almost_equal(len(el_pressure_all), 2, 0)
def test_multiple_el_wide(multiple_intersections):
"""Test 'wide' EL for sounding with multiple ELs."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
el_pressure_wide, el_temp_wide = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='wide')
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure_wide, 228.151524 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp_wide, -56.81015357 * units.degC, 3)
def test_muliple_el_most_cape(multiple_intersections):
"""Test 'most_cape' EL for sounding with multiple ELs."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
el_pressure_wide, el_temp_wide = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='most_cape')
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure_wide, 228.151524 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp_wide, -56.81015356 * units.degC, 3)
def test_muliple_lfc_most_cape(multiple_intersections):
"""Test 'most_cape' LFC for sounding with multiple LFCs."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
lfc_pressure_wide, lfc_temp_wide = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='most_cape')
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure_wide, 705.35344968 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp_wide, 4.88489902 * units.degC, 3)
def test_el_lfc_most_cape_bottom():
"""Test 'most_cape' LFC/EL when the bottom combination produces the most CAPE."""
levels = np.array([966., 937.2, 904.6, 872.6, 853., 850., 836., 821., 811.6, 782.3,
754.2, 726.9, 700., 648.9]) * units.mbar
temperatures = np.array([18.2, 16.5, 15.1, 11.5, 11.0, 12.4, 14., 14.4,
13.7, 11.4, 9.1, 6.8, 3.8, 1.5]) * units.degC
dewpoints = np.array([16.9, 15.9, 14.2, 11, 9.5, 8.6, 0., -3.6, -4.4,
-6.9, -9.5, -12., -14.6, -15.8]) * units.degC
lfc_pressure, lfc_temp = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='most_cape')
el_pressure, el_temp = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, which='most_cape')
assert_almost_equal(lfc_pressure, 714.358842 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(lfc_temp, 5.415421178 * units.degC, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 658.61917328 * units.hPa, 3)
assert_almost_equal(el_temp, 1.951095056 * units.degC, 3)
def test_cape_cin_top_el_lfc(multiple_intersections):
"""Test using LFC/EL options for CAPE/CIN."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, temperatures[0], dewpoints[0]).to('degC')
cape, cin = cape_cin(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, parcel_prof, which_lfc='top')
assert_almost_equal(cape, 1345.18884959 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -35.179268355 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
def test_cape_cin_bottom_el_lfc(multiple_intersections):
"""Test using LFC/EL options for CAPE/CIN."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, temperatures[0], dewpoints[0]).to('degC')
cape, cin = cape_cin(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, parcel_prof, which_el='bottom')
assert_almost_equal(cape, 4.57262449 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -5.9471237534 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
def test_cape_cin_wide_el_lfc(multiple_intersections):
"""Test using LFC/EL options for CAPE/CIN."""
levels, temperatures, dewpoints = multiple_intersections
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(levels, temperatures[0], dewpoints[0]).to('degC')
cape, cin = cape_cin(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, parcel_prof, which_lfc='wide',
which_el='wide')
assert_almost_equal(cape, 1345.1888496 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
assert_almost_equal(cin, -35.179268355 * units('joule / kilogram'), 3)
def test_cape_cin_custom_profile():
"""Test the CAPE and CIN calculation with a custom profile passed to LFC and EL."""
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]) + 5 * units.delta_degC
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(cape, 1650.61208729 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
assert_almost_equal(cin, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 2)
def test_parcel_profile_below_lcl():
"""Test parcel profile calculation when pressures do not reach LCL (#827)."""
pressure = np.array([981, 949.2, 925., 913.9, 903, 879.4, 878, 864, 855,
850, 846.3, 838, 820, 814.5, 799, 794]) * units.hPa
truth = np.array([276.35, 273.760341, 271.747753, 270.812026, 269.885225,
267.850849, 267.728946, 266.502214, 265.706084, 265.261201,
264.930782, 264.185801, 262.551884, 262.047526, 260.61294,
260.145932]) * units.kelvin
profile = parcel_profile(pressure, 3.2 * units.degC, -10.8 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(profile, truth, 6)
def test_vertical_velocity_pressure_dry_air():
"""Test conversion of w to omega assuming dry air."""
w = 1 * units('cm/s')
omega_truth = -1.25073619 * units('microbar/second')
omega_test = vertical_velocity_pressure(w, 1000. * units.mbar, 273.15 * units.K)
assert_almost_equal(omega_test, omega_truth, 6)
def test_vertical_velocity_dry_air():
"""Test conversion of w to omega assuming dry air."""
omega = 1 * units('microbar/second')
w_truth = -0.7995291 * units('cm/s')
w_test = vertical_velocity(omega, 1000. * units.mbar, 273.15 * units.K)
assert_almost_equal(w_test, w_truth, 6)
def test_vertical_velocity_pressure_moist_air():
"""Test conversion of w to omega assuming moist air."""
w = -1 * units('cm/s')
omega_truth = 1.032138077 * units('microbar/second')
omega_test = vertical_velocity_pressure(w, 850. * units.mbar, 280. * units.K,
8 * units('g/kg'))
assert_almost_equal(omega_test, omega_truth, 6)
def test_vertical_velocity_moist_air():
"""Test conversion of w to omega assuming moist air."""
omega = -1 * units('microbar/second')
w_truth = 0.9688626185 * units('cm/s')
w_test = vertical_velocity(omega, 850. * units.mbar, 280. * units.K, 8 * units('g/kg'))
assert_almost_equal(w_test, w_truth, 6)
def test_specific_humidity_from_dewpoint():
"""Specific humidity from dewpoint."""
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar
q = specific_humidity_from_dewpoint(p, 16.973 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(q, 0.012 * units.dimensionless, 3)
def test_specific_humidity_from_dewpoint_versionchanged():
"""Test returning singular version changed suggestion in ValueError."""
pressure = 1013.25 * units.mbar
dewpoint = 16.973 * units.degC
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='changed in version'):
specific_humidity_from_dewpoint(dewpoint, pressure)
def test_lcl_convergence_issue():
"""Test profile where LCL wouldn't converge (#1187)."""
pressure = np.array([990, 973, 931, 925, 905]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([14.4, 14.2, 13, 12.6, 11.4]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([14.4, 11.7, 8.2, 7.8, 7.6]) * units.degC
lcl_pressure, _ = lcl(pressure[0], temperature[0], dewpoint[0])
assert_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, 990 * units.hPa, 0)
def test_cape_cin_value_error():
"""Test a profile that originally caused a ValueError in #1190."""
pressure = np.array([1012.0, 1009.0, 1002.0, 1000.0, 925.0, 896.0, 855.0, 850.0, 849.0,
830.0, 775.0, 769.0, 758.0, 747.0, 741.0, 731.0, 712.0, 700.0, 691.0,
671.0, 636.0, 620.0, 610.0, 601.0, 594.0, 587.0, 583.0, 580.0, 571.0,
569.0, 554.0, 530.0, 514.0, 506.0, 502.0, 500.0, 492.0, 484.0, 475.0,
456.0, 449.0, 442.0, 433.0, 427.0, 400.0, 395.0, 390.0, 351.0, 300.0,
298.0, 294.0, 274.0, 250.0]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([27.8, 25.8, 24.2, 24, 18.8, 16, 13, 12.6, 12.6, 11.6, 9.2, 8.6,
8.4, 9.2, 10, 9.4, 7.4, 6.2, 5.2, 3.2, -0.3, -2.3, -3.3, -4.5,
-5.5, -6.1, -6.1, -6.1, -6.3, -6.3, -7.7, -9.5, -9.9, -10.3,
-10.9, -11.1, -11.9, -12.7, -13.7, -16.1, -16.9, -17.9, -19.1,
-19.9, -23.9, -24.7, -25.3, -29.5, -39.3, -39.7, -40.5, -44.3,
-49.3]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([19.8, 16.8, 16.2, 16, 13.8, 12.8, 10.1, 9.7, 9.7,
8.6, 4.2, 3.9, 0.4, -5.8, -32, -34.6, -35.6, -34.8,
-32.8, -10.8, -9.3, -10.3, -9.3, -10.5, -10.5, -10, -16.1,
-19.1, -23.3, -18.3, -17.7, -20.5, -27.9, -32.3, -33.9, -34.1,
-35.9, -26.7, -37.7, -43.1, -33.9, -40.9, -46.1, -34.9, -33.9,
-33.7, -33.3, -42.5, -50.3, -49.7, -49.5, -58.3, -61.3]) * units.degC
cape, cin = surface_based_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
expected_cape, expected_cin = 2098.688061 * units('joules/kg'), 0.0 * units('joules/kg')
assert_almost_equal(cape, expected_cape, 3)
assert_almost_equal(cin, expected_cin, 3)
def test_lcl_grid_surface_lcls():
"""Test surface grid where some values have LCLs at the surface."""
pressure = np.array([1000, 990, 1010]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([15, 14, 13]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([15, 10, 13]) * units.degC
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = lcl(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
pres_truth = np.array([1000, 932.1719, 1010]) * units.hPa
temp_truth = np.array([15, 9.10424, 13]) * units.degC
assert_array_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, pres_truth, 4)
assert_array_almost_equal(lcl_temperature, temp_truth, 4)
@pytest.fixture()
def index_xarray_data():
"""Create data for testing that index calculations work with xarray data."""
pressure = xr.DataArray([850., 700., 500.], dims=('isobaric',), attrs={'units': 'hPa'})
temp = xr.DataArray([[[[296., 295., 294.], [293., 292., 291.]],
[[286., 285., 284.], [283., 282., 281.]],
[[276., 275., 274.], [273., 272., 271.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
profile = xr.DataArray([[[[289., 288., 287.], [286., 285., 284.]],
[[279., 278., 277.], [276., 275., 274.]],
[[269., 268., 267.], [266., 265., 264.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
dewp = xr.DataArray([[[[294., 293., 292.], [291., 290., 289.]],
[[284., 283., 282.], [281., 280., 279.]],
[[274., 273., 272.], [271., 270., 269.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
dirw = xr.DataArray([[[[180., 180., 180.], [180., 180., 180.]],
[[225., 225., 225.], [225., 225., 225.]],
[[270., 270., 270.], [270., 270., 270.]]]] * units.degree,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
speed = xr.DataArray([[[[20., 20., 20.], [20., 20., 20.]],
[[25., 25., 25.], [25., 25., 25.]],
[[50., 50., 50.], [50., 50., 50.]]]] * units.knots,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
return xr.Dataset({'temperature': temp, 'profile': profile, 'dewpoint': dewp,
'wind_direction': dirw, 'wind_speed': speed},
coords={'isobaric': pressure, 'time': ['2020-01-01T00:00Z']})
@pytest.fixture()
def index_xarray_data_expanded():
"""Create expanded data for testing that index calculations work with xarray data.
Specifically for Galvez Davison Index calculation, which requires 950hPa pressure
"""
pressure = xr.DataArray(
[950., 850., 700., 500.], dims=('isobaric',), attrs={'units': 'hPa'}
)
temp = xr.DataArray([[[[306., 305., 304.], [303., 302., 301.]],
[[296., 295., 294.], [293., 292., 291.]],
[[286., 285., 284.], [283., 282., 281.]],
[[276., 275., 274.], [273., 272., 271.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
profile = xr.DataArray([[[[299., 298., 297.], [296., 295., 294.]],
[[289., 288., 287.], [286., 285., 284.]],
[[279., 278., 277.], [276., 275., 274.]],
[[269., 268., 267.], [266., 265., 264.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
dewp = xr.DataArray([[[[304., 303., 302.], [301., 300., 299.]],
[[294., 293., 292.], [291., 290., 289.]],
[[284., 283., 282.], [281., 280., 279.]],
[[274., 273., 272.], [271., 270., 269.]]]] * units.K,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
dirw = xr.DataArray([[[[135., 135., 135.], [135., 135., 135.]],
[[180., 180., 180.], [180., 180., 180.]],
[[225., 225., 225.], [225., 225., 225.]],
[[270., 270., 270.], [270., 270., 270.]]]] * units.degree,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
speed = xr.DataArray([[[[15., 15., 15.], [15., 15., 15.]],
[[20., 20., 20.], [20., 20., 20.]],
[[25., 25., 25.], [25., 25., 25.]],
[[50., 50., 50.], [50., 50., 50.]]]] * units.knots,
dims=('time', 'isobaric', 'y', 'x'))
return xr.Dataset({'temperature': temp, 'profile': profile, 'dewpoint': dewp,
'wind_direction': dirw, 'wind_speed': speed},
coords={'isobaric': pressure, 'time': ['2023-01-01T00:00Z']})
def test_lifted_index():
"""Test the Lifted Index calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1014., 1000., 997., 981.2, 947.4, 925., 914.9, 911.,
902., 883., 850., 822.3, 816., 807., 793.2, 770.,
765.1, 753., 737.5, 737., 713., 700., 688., 685.,
680., 666., 659.8, 653., 643., 634., 615., 611.8,
566.2, 516., 500., 487., 484.2, 481., 475., 460.,
400.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([24.2, 24.2, 24., 23.1, 21., 19.6, 18.7, 18.4,
19.2, 19.4, 17.2, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 13.4, 11.6,
11.1, 10., 8.8, 8.8, 8.2, 7., 5.6, 5.6,
5.6, 4.4, 3.8, 3.2, 3., 3.2, 1.8, 1.5,
-3.4, -9.3, -11.3, -13.1, -13.1, -13.1, -13.7, -15.1,
-23.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([23.2, 23.1, 22.8, 22., 20.2, 19., 17.6, 17.,
16.8, 15.5, 14., 11.7, 11.2, 8.4, 7., 4.6,
5., 6., 4.2, 4.1, -1.8, -2., -1.4, -0.4,
-3.4, -5.6, -4.3, -2.8, -7., -25.8, -31.2, -31.4,
-34.1, -37.3, -32.3, -34.1, -37.3, -41.1, -37.7, -58.1,
-57.5]) * units.degC
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(pressure, temperature[0], dewpoint[0])
li = lifted_index(pressure, temperature, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(li, -7.9115691 * units.delta_degree_Celsius, 2)
def test_lifted_index_500hpa_missing():
"""Test the Lifted Index calculation when data at 500 hpa is missing."""
pressure = np.array([1014., 1000., 997., 981.2, 947.4, 925., 914.9, 911.,
902., 883., 850., 822.3, 816., 807., 793.2, 770.,
765.1, 753., 737.5, 737., 713., 700., 688., 685.,
680., 666., 659.8, 653., 643., 634., 615., 611.8,
566.2, 516., 487., 484.2, 481., 475., 460.,
400.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([24.2, 24.2, 24., 23.1, 21., 19.6, 18.7, 18.4,
19.2, 19.4, 17.2, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 13.4, 11.6,
11.1, 10., 8.8, 8.8, 8.2, 7., 5.6, 5.6,
5.6, 4.4, 3.8, 3.2, 3., 3.2, 1.8, 1.5,
-3.4, -9.3, -13.1, -13.1, -13.1, -13.7, -15.1,
-23.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([23.2, 23.1, 22.8, 22., 20.2, 19., 17.6, 17.,
16.8, 15.5, 14., 11.7, 11.2, 8.4, 7., 4.6,
5., 6., 4.2, 4.1, -1.8, -2., -1.4, -0.4,
-3.4, -5.6, -4.3, -2.8, -7., -25.8, -31.2, -31.4,
-34.1, -37.3, -34.1, -37.3, -41.1, -37.7, -58.1,
-57.5]) * units.degC
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(pressure, temperature[0], dewpoint[0])
li = lifted_index(pressure, temperature, parcel_prof)
assert_almost_equal(li, -7.9806301 * units.delta_degree_Celsius, 1)
def test_lifted_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test lifted index with a grid of xarray data."""
result = lifted_index(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature,
index_xarray_data.profile)
assert_array_almost_equal(result, np.full((1, 1, 2, 3), 7) * units.delta_degC)
def test_k_index():
"""Test the K Index calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1014., 1000., 997., 981.2, 947.4, 925., 914.9, 911.,
902., 883., 850., 822.3, 816., 807., 793.2, 770.,
765.1, 753., 737.5, 737., 713., 700., 688., 685.,
680., 666., 659.8, 653., 643., 634., 615., 611.8,
566.2, 516., 500., 487., 484.2, 481., 475., 460.,
400.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([24.2, 24.2, 24., 23.1, 21., 19.6, 18.7, 18.4,
19.2, 19.4, 17.2, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 13.4, 11.6,
11.1, 10., 8.8, 8.8, 8.2, 7., 5.6, 5.6,
5.6, 4.4, 3.8, 3.2, 3., 3.2, 1.8, 1.5,
-3.4, -9.3, -11.3, -13.1, -13.1, -13.1, -13.7, -15.1,
-23.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([23.2, 23.1, 22.8, 22., 20.2, 19., 17.6, 17.,
16.8, 15.5, 14., 11.7, 11.2, 8.4, 7., 4.6,
5., 6., 4.2, 4.1, -1.8, -2., -1.4, -0.4,
-3.4, -5.6, -4.3, -2.8, -7., -25.8, -31.2, -31.4,
-34.1, -37.3, -32.3, -34.1, -37.3, -41.1, -37.7, -58.1,
-57.5]) * units.degC
ki = k_index(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ki, 33.5 * units.degC, 2)
def test_k_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test the K index calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
result = k_index(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature,
index_xarray_data.dewpoint)
assert_array_almost_equal(result,
np.array([[[312., 311., 310.], [309., 308., 307.]]]) * units.K)
def test_gdi():
"""Test the Galvez Davison Index calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1014., 1000., 997., 981.2, 947.4, 925., 914.9, 911.,
902., 883., 850., 822.3, 816., 807., 793.2, 770.,
765.1, 753., 737.5, 737., 713., 700., 688., 685.,
680., 666., 659.8, 653., 643., 634., 615., 611.8,
566.2, 516., 500., 487., 484.2, 481., 475., 460.,
400.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([24.2, 24.2, 24., 23.1, 21., 19.6, 18.7, 18.4,
19.2, 19.4, 17.2, 15.3, 14.8, 14.4, 13.4, 11.6,
11.1, 10., 8.8, 8.8, 8.2, 7., 5.6, 5.6,
5.6, 4.4, 3.8, 3.2, 3., 3.2, 1.8, 1.5,
-3.4, -9.3, -11.3, -13.1, -13.1, -13.1, -13.7, -15.1,
-23.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([23.2, 23.1, 22.8, 22., 20.2, 19., 17.6, 17.,
16.8, 15.5, 14., 11.7, 11.2, 8.4, 7., 4.6,
5., 6., 4.2, 4.1, -1.8, -2., -1.4, -0.4,
-3.4, -5.6, -4.3, -2.8, -7., -25.8, -31.2, -31.4,
-34.1, -37.3, -32.3, -34.1, -37.3, -41.1, -37.7, -58.1,
-57.5]) * units.degC
relative_humidity = relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, dewpoint)
mixrat = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(pressure, temperature, relative_humidity)
gdi = galvez_davison_index(pressure, temperature, mixrat, pressure[0])
# Compare with value from hand calculation
assert_almost_equal(gdi, 6.635, decimal=1)
def test_gdi_xarray(index_xarray_data_expanded):
"""Test the GDI calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
pressure = index_xarray_data_expanded.isobaric
temperature = index_xarray_data_expanded.temperature
dewpoint = index_xarray_data_expanded.dewpoint
mixing_ratio = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(
pressure, temperature, relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, dewpoint))
result = galvez_davison_index(
pressure,
temperature,
mixing_ratio,
pressure[0]
)
assert_array_almost_equal(
result,
np.array([[[189.5890429, 157.4307982, 129.9739099],
[106.6763526, 87.0637477, 70.7202505]]])
)
def test_gdi_arrays(index_xarray_data_expanded):
"""Test GDI on 3-D Quantity arrays with an array of surface pressure."""
ds = index_xarray_data_expanded.isel(time=0).squeeze()
pressure = ds.isobaric.metpy.unit_array[:, None, None]
temperature = ds.temperature.metpy.unit_array
dewpoint = ds.dewpoint.metpy.unit_array
mixing_ratio = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(
pressure, temperature, relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, dewpoint))
surface_pressure = units.Quantity(
np.broadcast_to(pressure.m, temperature.shape), pressure.units)[0]
result = galvez_davison_index(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio, surface_pressure)
assert_array_almost_equal(
result,
np.array([[189.5890429, 157.4307982, 129.9739099],
[106.6763526, 87.0637477, 70.7202505]])
)
def test_gdi_profile(index_xarray_data_expanded):
"""Test GDI calculation on an individual profile."""
ds = index_xarray_data_expanded.isel(time=0, y=0, x=0)
pressure = ds.isobaric.metpy.unit_array
temperature = ds.temperature.metpy.unit_array
dewpoint = ds.dewpoint.metpy.unit_array
mixing_ratio = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(
pressure, temperature, relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, dewpoint))
assert_almost_equal(galvez_davison_index(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio, pressure[0]),
189.5890429, 4)
def test_gdi_no_950_raises_valueerror(index_xarray_data):
"""GDI requires a 950hPa or higher measurement.
Ensure error is raised if this data is not provided.
"""
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
pressure = index_xarray_data.isobaric
temperature = index_xarray_data.temperature
dewpoint = index_xarray_data.dewpoint
relative_humidity = relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, dewpoint)
mixrat = mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(pressure, temperature, relative_humidity)
galvez_davison_index(
pressure,
temperature,
mixrat,
pressure[0]
)
def test_gradient_richardson_number():
"""Test gradient Richardson number calculation."""
theta = units('K') * np.asarray([254.5, 258.3, 262.2])
u_wnd = units('m/s') * np.asarray([-2., -1.1, 0.23])
v_wnd = units('m/s') * np.asarray([3.3, 4.2, 5.2])
height = units('km') * np.asarray([0.2, 0.4, 0.6])
result = gradient_richardson_number(height, theta, u_wnd, v_wnd)
expected = np.asarray([24.2503551, 13.6242603, 8.4673744])
assert_array_almost_equal(result, expected, 4)
def test_gradient_richardson_number_with_xarray():
"""Test gradient Richardson number calculation using xarray."""
data = xr.Dataset(
{
'theta': (('height',), [254.5, 258.3, 262.2] * units.K),
'u_wind': (('height',), [-2., -1.1, 0.23] * units('m/s')),
'v_wind': (('height',), [3.3, 4.2, 5.2] * units('m/s')),
'Ri_g': (('height',), [24.2503551, 13.6242603, 8.4673744])
},
coords={'height': (('height',), [0.2, 0.4, 0.6], {'units': 'kilometer'})}
)
result = gradient_richardson_number(
data['height'],
data['theta'],
data['u_wind'],
data['v_wind']
)
assert isinstance(result, xr.DataArray)
xr.testing.assert_identical(result['height'], data['Ri_g']['height'])
assert_array_almost_equal(result.data.m_as(''), data['Ri_g'].data)
def test_showalter_index():
"""Test the Showalter index calculation."""
pressure = units.Quantity(np.array([931.0, 925.0, 911.0, 891.0, 886.9, 855.0, 850.0, 825.6,
796.3, 783.0, 768.0, 759.0, 745.0, 740.4, 733.0, 715.0,
700.0, 695.0, 687.2, 684.0, 681.0, 677.0, 674.0, 661.9,
657.0, 639.0, 637.6, 614.0, 592.0, 568.9, 547.4, 526.8,
500.0, 487.5, 485.0]), 'hPa')
temps = units.Quantity(np.array([18.4, 19.8, 20.0, 19.6, 19.3, 16.8, 16.4, 15.1, 13.4,
12.6, 11.2, 10.4, 8.6, 8.3, 7.8, 5.8, 4.6, 4.2, 3.4, 3.0,
3.0, 4.4, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 3.4, 3.3, 2.4, 1.4, -0.4, -2.2,
-3.9, -6.3, -7.6, -7.9]), 'degC')
dewp = units.Quantity(np.array([9.4, 8.8, 6.0, 8.6, 8.4, 6.8, 6.4, 4.0, 1.0, -0.4, -1.1,
-1.6, 1.6, -0.2, -3.2, -3.2, -4.4, -2.8, -3.6, -4.0, -6.0,
-17.6, -25.0, -31.2, -33.8, -29.6, -30.1, -39.0, -47.6,
-48.9, -50.2, -51.5, -53.3, -55.5, -55.9]), 'degC')
result = showalter_index(pressure, temps, dewp)
assert_almost_equal(result, units.Quantity(7.6024, 'delta_degC'), 4)
def test_total_totals_index():
"""Test the Total Totals Index calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1008., 1000., 947., 925., 921., 896., 891., 889., 866.,
858., 850., 835., 820., 803., 733., 730., 700., 645.,
579., 500., 494., 466., 455., 441., 433., 410., 409.,
402., 400., 390., 388., 384., 381., 349., 330., 320.,
306., 300., 278., 273., 250., 243., 208., 200., 196.,
190., 179., 159., 151., 150., 139.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([27.4, 26.4, 22.9, 21.4, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 21.2, 19.4,
19.1, 18.8, 17.8, 17.4, 16.3, 11.4, 11.2, 10.2, 6.1,
0.6, -4.9, -5.5, -8.5, -9.9, -11.7, -12.3, -13.7, -13.8,
-14.9, -14.9, -16.1, -16.1, -16.9, -17.3, -21.7, -24.5, -26.1,
-28.3, -29.5, -33.1, -34.2, -39.3, -41., -50.2, -52.5, -53.5,
-55.2, -58.6, -65.2, -68.1, -68.5, -72.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([24.9, 24.6, 22., 20.9, 20.7, 14.8, 13.6, 12.2, 16.8,
16.6, 16.5, 15.9, 13.6, 13.2, 11.3, 11.2, 8.6, 4.5,
-0.8, -8.1, -9.5, -12.7, -12.7, -12.8, -13.1, -24.7, -24.4,
-21.9, -24.9, -36.1, -31.1, -26.9, -27.4, -33., -36.5, -47.1,
-31.4, -33.5, -40.1, -40.8, -44.1, -45.6, -54., -56.1, -56.9,
-58.6, -61.9, -68.4, -71.2, -71.6, -77.2]) * units.degC
tt = total_totals_index(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(tt, 45.10 * units.delta_degC, 2)
def test_total_totals_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test the total totals index calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
result = total_totals_index(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature,
index_xarray_data.dewpoint)
assert_array_almost_equal(result, np.full((1, 2, 3), 38.) * units.K)
def test_vertical_totals():
"""Test the Vertical Totals calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1008., 1000., 947., 925., 921., 896., 891., 889., 866.,
858., 850., 835., 820., 803., 733., 730., 700., 645.,
579., 500., 494., 466., 455., 441., 433., 410., 409.,
402., 400., 390., 388., 384., 381., 349., 330., 320.,
306., 300., 278., 273., 250., 243., 208., 200., 196.,
190., 179., 159., 151., 150., 139.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([27.4, 26.4, 22.9, 21.4, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 21.2, 19.4,
19.1, 18.8, 17.8, 17.4, 16.3, 11.4, 11.2, 10.2, 6.1,
0.6, -4.9, -5.5, -8.5, -9.9, -11.7, -12.3, -13.7, -13.8,
-14.9, -14.9, -16.1, -16.1, -16.9, -17.3, -21.7, -24.5, -26.1,
-28.3, -29.5, -33.1, -34.2, -39.3, -41., -50.2, -52.5, -53.5,
-55.2, -58.6, -65.2, -68.1, -68.5, -72.5]) * units.degC
vt = vertical_totals(pressure, temperature)
assert_almost_equal(vt, 23.70 * units.delta_degC, 2)
def test_vertical_totals_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test the vertical totals index calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
result = vertical_totals(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature)
assert_array_almost_equal(result, np.full((1, 2, 3), 20.) * units.K)
def test_cross_totals():
"""Test the Cross Totals calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1008., 1000., 947., 925., 921., 896., 891., 889., 866.,
858., 850., 835., 820., 803., 733., 730., 700., 645.,
579., 500., 494., 466., 455., 441., 433., 410., 409.,
402., 400., 390., 388., 384., 381., 349., 330., 320.,
306., 300., 278., 273., 250., 243., 208., 200., 196.,
190., 179., 159., 151., 150., 139.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([27.4, 26.4, 22.9, 21.4, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 21.2, 19.4,
19.1, 18.8, 17.8, 17.4, 16.3, 11.4, 11.2, 10.2, 6.1,
0.6, -4.9, -5.5, -8.5, -9.9, -11.7, -12.3, -13.7, -13.8,
-14.9, -14.9, -16.1, -16.1, -16.9, -17.3, -21.7, -24.5, -26.1,
-28.3, -29.5, -33.1, -34.2, -39.3, -41., -50.2, -52.5, -53.5,
-55.2, -58.6, -65.2, -68.1, -68.5, -72.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([24.9, 24.6, 22., 20.9, 20.7, 14.8, 13.6, 12.2, 16.8,
16.6, 16.5, 15.9, 13.6, 13.2, 11.3, 11.2, 8.6, 4.5,
-0.8, -8.1, -9.5, -12.7, -12.7, -12.8, -13.1, -24.7, -24.4,
-21.9, -24.9, -36.1, -31.1, -26.9, -27.4, -33., -36.5, -47.1,
-31.4, -33.5, -40.1, -40.8, -44.1, -45.6, -54., -56.1, -56.9,
-58.6, -61.9, -68.4, -71.2, -71.6, -77.2]) * units.degC
ct = cross_totals(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(ct, 21.40 * units.delta_degC, 2)
def test_cross_totals_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test the cross totals index calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
result = cross_totals(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature,
index_xarray_data.dewpoint)
assert_array_almost_equal(result, np.full((1, 2, 3), 18.) * units.K)
def test_parcel_profile_drop_duplicates():
"""Test handling repeat pressures in moist region of profile."""
pressure = np.array([962., 951., 937.9, 925., 908., 905.7, 894., 875.,
41.3, 40.8, 37., 36.8, 32., 30., 27.7, 27.7, 26.4]) * units.hPa
temperature = units.Quantity(19.6, 'degC')
dewpoint = units.Quantity(18.6, 'degC')
truth = np.array([292.75, 291.78965331, 291.12778784, 290.61996294,
289.93681828, 289.84313902, 289.36183185, 288.5626898,
135.46280886, 134.99220142, 131.27369084, 131.07055878,
125.93977169, 123.63877507, 120.85291224, 120.85291224,
119.20448296]) * units.kelvin
with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='Duplicate pressure'):
profile = parcel_profile(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
assert_almost_equal(profile, truth, 5)
def test_parcel_profile_with_lcl_as_dataset_duplicates():
"""Test that parcel profile dataset creation works with duplicate pressures in profile."""
pressure = np.array(
[951., 951., 937.9, 925., 908., 30., 27.7, 27.7, 26.4, 25.1]
) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array(
[20., 20., 19.5, 19., 18.6, -58.5, -58.1, -58.1, -57.2, -56.2]
) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array(
[19.4, 19.4, 19., 18.6, 18.3, -73.5, -75.1, -75.1, -77., -78.8]
) * units.degC
truth = xr.Dataset(
{
'ambient_temperature': (
('isobaric',),
np.insert(temperature.m, 2, 19.679237747615478) * units.degC
),
'ambient_dew_point': (
('isobaric',),
np.insert(dewpoint.m, 2, 19.143390198092384) * units.degC
),
'parcel_temperature': (
('isobaric',),
[
293.15, 293.15, 292.40749167, 292.22841462, 291.73069653, 291.06139433,
125.22698955, 122.40534065, 122.40534065, 120.73573642, 119.0063293
] * units.kelvin
)
},
coords={
'isobaric': (
'isobaric',
np.insert(pressure.m, 2, 942.6)
)
}
)
with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='Duplicate pressure'):
profile = parcel_profile_with_lcl_as_dataset(pressure, temperature, dewpoint)
xr.testing.assert_allclose(profile, truth, atol=1e-5)
def test_sweat_index():
"""Test the SWEAT Index calculation."""
pressure = np.array([1008., 1000., 947., 925., 921., 896., 891., 889., 866.,
858., 850., 835., 820., 803., 733., 730., 700., 645.,
579., 500., 494., 466., 455., 441., 433., 410., 409.,
402., 400., 390., 388., 384., 381., 349., 330., 320.,
306., 300., 278., 273., 250., 243., 208., 200., 196.,
190., 179., 159., 151., 150., 139.]) * units.hPa
temperature = np.array([27.4, 26.4, 22.9, 21.4, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 21.2, 19.4,
19.1, 18.8, 17.8, 17.4, 16.3, 11.4, 11.2, 10.2, 6.1,
0.6, -4.9, -5.5, -8.5, -9.9, -11.7, -12.3, -13.7, -13.8,
-14.9, -14.9, -16.1, -16.1, -16.9, -17.3, -21.7, -24.5, -26.1,
-28.3, -29.5, -33.1, -34.2, -39.3, -41., -50.2, -52.5, -53.5,
-55.2, -58.6, -65.2, -68.1, -68.5, -72.5]) * units.degC
dewpoint = np.array([24.9, 24.6, 22., 20.9, 20.7, 14.8, 13.6, 12.2, 16.8,
16.6, 16.5, 15.9, 13.6, 13.2, 11.3, 11.2, 8.6, 4.5,
-0.8, -8.1, -9.5, -12.7, -12.7, -12.8, -13.1, -24.7, -24.4,
-21.9, -24.9, -36.1, -31.1, -26.9, -27.4, -33., -36.5, -47.1,
-31.4, -33.5, -40.1, -40.8, -44.1, -45.6, -54., -56.1, -56.9,
-58.6, -61.9, -68.4, -71.2, -71.6, -77.2]) * units.degC
speed = np.array([0., 3., 10., 12., 12., 14., 14., 14., 12.,
12., 12., 12., 11., 11., 12., 12., 10., 10.,
8., 5., 4., 1., 0., 3., 5., 10., 10.,
11., 11., 13., 14., 14., 15., 23., 23., 24.,
24., 24., 26., 27., 28., 30., 25., 24., 26.,
28., 33., 29., 32., 26., 26.]) * units.knot
direction = np.array([0., 170., 200., 205., 204., 200., 197., 195., 180.,
175., 175., 178., 181., 185., 160., 160., 165., 165.,
203., 255., 268., 333., 0., 25., 40., 83., 85.,
89., 90., 100., 103., 107., 110., 90., 88., 87.,
86., 85., 85., 85., 60., 55., 60., 50., 46.,
40., 45., 35., 50., 50., 50.]) * units.degree
sweat = sweat_index(pressure, temperature, dewpoint, speed, direction)
assert_almost_equal(sweat, 227., 2)
def test_sweat_index_xarray(index_xarray_data):
"""Test the SWEAT index calculation with a grid of xarray data."""
result = sweat_index(index_xarray_data.isobaric, index_xarray_data.temperature,
index_xarray_data.dewpoint, index_xarray_data.wind_speed,
index_xarray_data.wind_direction)
assert_array_almost_equal(result, np.array([[[[490.2, 478.2, 466.2],
[454.2, 442.2, 430.2]]]]))