lts/doc/api/fs.html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<title>File system | Node.js v12.18.3 Documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic&display=fallback">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/style.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/hljs.css">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://nodejs.org/api/fs.html">
</head>
<body class="alt apidoc" id="api-section-fs">
<div id="content" class="clearfix">
<div id="column2" class="interior">
<div id="intro" class="interior">
<a href="/" title="Go back to the home page">
Node.js
</a>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="documentation.html" class="nav-documentation">About these docs</a></li>
<li><a href="synopsis.html" class="nav-synopsis">Usage and example</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="line"></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="assert.html" class="nav-assert">Assertion testing</a></li>
<li><a href="async_hooks.html" class="nav-async_hooks">Async hooks</a></li>
<li><a href="buffer.html" class="nav-buffer">Buffer</a></li>
<li><a href="addons.html" class="nav-addons">C++ addons</a></li>
<li><a href="n-api.html" class="nav-n-api">C/C++ addons with N-API</a></li>
<li><a href="child_process.html" class="nav-child_process">Child processes</a></li>
<li><a href="cluster.html" class="nav-cluster">Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="cli.html" class="nav-cli">Command line options</a></li>
<li><a href="console.html" class="nav-console">Console</a></li>
<li><a href="crypto.html" class="nav-crypto">Crypto</a></li>
<li><a href="debugger.html" class="nav-debugger">Debugger</a></li>
<li><a href="deprecations.html" class="nav-deprecations">Deprecated APIs</a></li>
<li><a href="dns.html" class="nav-dns">DNS</a></li>
<li><a href="domain.html" class="nav-domain">Domain</a></li>
<li><a href="esm.html" class="nav-esm">ECMAScript modules</a></li>
<li><a href="errors.html" class="nav-errors">Errors</a></li>
<li><a href="events.html" class="nav-events">Events</a></li>
<li><a href="fs.html" class="nav-fs active">File system</a></li>
<li><a href="globals.html" class="nav-globals">Globals</a></li>
<li><a href="http.html" class="nav-http">HTTP</a></li>
<li><a href="http2.html" class="nav-http2">HTTP/2</a></li>
<li><a href="https.html" class="nav-https">HTTPS</a></li>
<li><a href="inspector.html" class="nav-inspector">Inspector</a></li>
<li><a href="intl.html" class="nav-intl">Internationalization</a></li>
<li><a href="modules.html" class="nav-modules">Modules</a></li>
<li><a href="net.html" class="nav-net">Net</a></li>
<li><a href="os.html" class="nav-os">OS</a></li>
<li><a href="path.html" class="nav-path">Path</a></li>
<li><a href="perf_hooks.html" class="nav-perf_hooks">Performance hooks</a></li>
<li><a href="policy.html" class="nav-policy">Policies</a></li>
<li><a href="process.html" class="nav-process">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="punycode.html" class="nav-punycode">Punycode</a></li>
<li><a href="querystring.html" class="nav-querystring">Query strings</a></li>
<li><a href="readline.html" class="nav-readline">Readline</a></li>
<li><a href="repl.html" class="nav-repl">REPL</a></li>
<li><a href="report.html" class="nav-report">Report</a></li>
<li><a href="stream.html" class="nav-stream">Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="string_decoder.html" class="nav-string_decoder">String decoder</a></li>
<li><a href="timers.html" class="nav-timers">Timers</a></li>
<li><a href="tls.html" class="nav-tls">TLS/SSL</a></li>
<li><a href="tracing.html" class="nav-tracing">Trace events</a></li>
<li><a href="tty.html" class="nav-tty">TTY</a></li>
<li><a href="dgram.html" class="nav-dgram">UDP/datagram</a></li>
<li><a href="url.html" class="nav-url">URL</a></li>
<li><a href="util.html" class="nav-util">Utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="v8.html" class="nav-v8">V8</a></li>
<li><a href="vm.html" class="nav-vm">VM</a></li>
<li><a href="wasi.html" class="nav-wasi">WASI</a></li>
<li><a href="worker_threads.html" class="nav-worker_threads">Worker threads</a></li>
<li><a href="zlib.html" class="nav-zlib">Zlib</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="line"></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node" class="nav-https-github-com-nodejs-node">Code repository and issue tracker</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="column1" data-id="fs" class="interior">
<header>
<h1>Node.js v12.18.3 Documentation</h1>
<div id="gtoc">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="index.html" name="toc">Index</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="all.html">View on single page</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="fs.json">View as JSON</a>
</li>
<li class="version-picker">
<a href="#">View another version <span>▼</span></a>
<ol class="version-picker"><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v14.x/api/fs.html">14.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v13.x/api/fs.html">13.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v12.x/api/fs.html">12.x <b>LTS</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v11.x/api/fs.html">11.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v10.x/api/fs.html">10.x <b>LTS</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v9.x/api/fs.html">9.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v8.x/api/fs.html">8.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v7.x/api/fs.html">7.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v6.x/api/fs.html">6.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v5.x/api/fs.html">5.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v4.x/api/fs.html">4.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.12.x/api/fs.html">0.12.x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.10.x/api/fs.html">0.10.x</a></li></ol>
</li>
<li class="edit_on_github"><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/edit/master/doc/api/fs.md"><span class="github_icon"><svg height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 16.1 16.1" fill="currentColor"><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 0 0-2.5 15.6c.4 0 .5-.2.5-.4v-1.5c-2 .4-2.5-.5-2.7-1 0-.1-.5-.9-.8-1-.3-.2-.7-.6 0-.6.6 0 1 .6 1.2.8.7 1.2 1.9 1 2.4.7 0-.5.2-.9.5-1-1.8-.3-3.7-1-3.7-4 0-.9.3-1.6.8-2.2 0-.2-.3-1 .1-2 0 0 .7-.3 2.2.7a7.4 7.4 0 0 1 4 0c1.5-1 2.2-.8 2.2-.8.5 1.1.2 2 .1 2.1.5.6.8 1.3.8 2.2 0 3-1.9 3.7-3.6 4 .3.2.5.7.5 1.4v2.2c0 .2.1.5.5.4A8 8 0 0 0 16 8a8 8 0 0 0-8-8z"/></svg></span>Edit on GitHub</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</header>
<div id="toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span class="stability_2"><a href="#fs_file_system">File system</a></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_file_paths">File paths</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_url_object_support">URL object support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_descriptors">File descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_threadpool_usage">Threadpool usage</a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_dir">Class: <code>fs.Dir</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_close"><code>dir.close()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_close_callback"><code>dir.close(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_closesync"><code>dir.closeSync()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_path"><code>dir.path</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_read"><code>dir.read()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_read_callback"><code>dir.read(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_readsync"><code>dir.readSync()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dir_symbol_asynciterator"><code>dir[Symbol.asyncIterator]()</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent">Class: <code>fs.Dirent</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_isblockdevice"><code>dirent.isBlockDevice()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_ischaracterdevice"><code>dirent.isCharacterDevice()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_isdirectory"><code>dirent.isDirectory()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_isfifo"><code>dirent.isFIFO()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_isfile"><code>dirent.isFile()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_issocket"><code>dirent.isSocket()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_issymboliclink"><code>dirent.isSymbolicLink()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_dirent_name"><code>dirent.name</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_fswatcher">Class: <code>fs.FSWatcher</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_event_change">Event: <code>'change'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_close">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_error">Event: <code>'error'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_watcher_close"><code>watcher.close()</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_readstream">Class: <code>fs.ReadStream</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_event_close_1">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_open">Event: <code>'open'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_ready">Event: <code>'ready'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_readstream_bytesread"><code>readStream.bytesRead</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_readstream_path"><code>readStream.path</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_readstream_pending"><code>readStream.pending</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_stats">Class: <code>fs.Stats</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_isblockdevice"><code>stats.isBlockDevice()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_ischaracterdevice"><code>stats.isCharacterDevice()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_isdirectory"><code>stats.isDirectory()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_isfifo"><code>stats.isFIFO()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_isfile"><code>stats.isFile()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_issocket"><code>stats.isSocket()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_issymboliclink"><code>stats.isSymbolicLink()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_dev"><code>stats.dev</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_ino"><code>stats.ino</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_mode"><code>stats.mode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_nlink"><code>stats.nlink</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_uid"><code>stats.uid</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_gid"><code>stats.gid</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_rdev"><code>stats.rdev</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_size"><code>stats.size</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_blksize"><code>stats.blksize</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_blocks"><code>stats.blocks</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_atimems"><code>stats.atimeMs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_mtimems"><code>stats.mtimeMs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_ctimems"><code>stats.ctimeMs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_birthtimems"><code>stats.birthtimeMs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_atimens"><code>stats.atimeNs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_mtimens"><code>stats.mtimeNs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_ctimens"><code>stats.ctimeNs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_birthtimens"><code>stats.birthtimeNs</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_atime"><code>stats.atime</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_mtime"><code>stats.mtime</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_ctime"><code>stats.ctime</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stats_birthtime"><code>stats.birthtime</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_stat_time_values">Stat time values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_fs_writestream">Class: <code>fs.WriteStream</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_event_close_2">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_open_1">Event: <code>'open'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_event_ready_1">Event: <code>'ready'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_writestream_byteswritten"><code>writeStream.bytesWritten</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_writestream_path"><code>writeStream.path</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_writestream_pending"><code>writeStream.pending</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.access(path[, mode], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_accesssync_path_mode"><code>fs.accessSync(path[, mode])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_appendfile_path_data_options_callback"><code>fs.appendFile(path, data[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_appendfilesync_path_data_options"><code>fs.appendFileSync(path, data[, options])</code></a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_chmod_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.chmod(path, mode, callback)</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_file_modes">File modes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_chmodsync_path_mode"><code>fs.chmodSync(path, mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_chown_path_uid_gid_callback"><code>fs.chown(path, uid, gid, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_chownsync_path_uid_gid"><code>fs.chownSync(path, uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_close_fd_callback"><code>fs.close(fd, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_closesync_fd"><code>fs.closeSync(fd)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_constants"><code>fs.constants</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_copyfile_src_dest_flags_callback"><code>fs.copyFile(src, dest[, flags], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_copyfilesync_src_dest_flags"><code>fs.copyFileSync(src, dest[, flags])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_createreadstream_path_options"><code>fs.createReadStream(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#fs_fs_exists_path_callback"><code>fs.exists(path, callback)</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_existssync_path"><code>fs.existsSync(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fchmod_fd_mode_callback"><code>fs.fchmod(fd, mode, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fchmodsync_fd_mode"><code>fs.fchmodSync(fd, mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fchown_fd_uid_gid_callback"><code>fs.fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fchownsync_fd_uid_gid"><code>fs.fchownSync(fd, uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fdatasync_fd_callback"><code>fs.fdatasync(fd, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fdatasyncsync_fd"><code>fs.fdatasyncSync(fd)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fstat_fd_options_callback"><code>fs.fstat(fd[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fstatsync_fd_options"><code>fs.fstatSync(fd[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fsync_fd_callback"><code>fs.fsync(fd, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_fsyncsync_fd"><code>fs.fsyncSync(fd)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_ftruncate_fd_len_callback"><code>fs.ftruncate(fd[, len], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_ftruncatesync_fd_len"><code>fs.ftruncateSync(fd[, len])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_futimes_fd_atime_mtime_callback"><code>fs.futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_futimessync_fd_atime_mtime"><code>fs.futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lchmod_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.lchmod(path, mode, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lchmodsync_path_mode"><code>fs.lchmodSync(path, mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lchown_path_uid_gid_callback"><code>fs.lchown(path, uid, gid, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lchownsync_path_uid_gid"><code>fs.lchownSync(path, uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_link_existingpath_newpath_callback"><code>fs.link(existingPath, newPath, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_linksync_existingpath_newpath"><code>fs.linkSync(existingPath, newPath)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lstat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.lstat(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_lstatsync_path_options"><code>fs.lstatSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_mkdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.mkdir(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_mkdirsync_path_options"><code>fs.mkdirSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_mkdtemp_prefix_options_callback"><code>fs.mkdtemp(prefix[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_mkdtempsync_prefix_options"><code>fs.mkdtempSync(prefix[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_open_path_flags_mode_callback"><code>fs.open(path[, flags[, mode]], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_opendir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.opendir(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_opendirsync_path_options"><code>fs.opendirSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_opensync_path_flags_mode"><code>fs.openSync(path[, flags, mode])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_read_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback"><code>fs.read(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_read_fd_options_callback"><code>fs.read(fd, [options,] callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readdir(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readdirsync_path_options"><code>fs.readdirSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_readfile_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readFile(path[, options], callback)</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_file_descriptors_1">File descriptors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readfilesync_path_options"><code>fs.readFileSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readlink_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readlink(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readlinksync_path_options"><code>fs.readlinkSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position"><code>fs.readSync(fd, buffer, offset, length, position)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_options"><code>fs.readSync(fd, buffer, [options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readv_fd_buffers_position_callback"><code>fs.readv(fd, buffers[, position], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_readvsync_fd_buffers_position"><code>fs.readvSync(fd, buffers[, position])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_realpath_path_options_callback"><code>fs.realpath(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_realpath_native_path_options_callback"><code>fs.realpath.native(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_realpathsync_path_options"><code>fs.realpathSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_realpathsync_native_path_options"><code>fs.realpathSync.native(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_rename_oldpath_newpath_callback"><code>fs.rename(oldPath, newPath, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_renamesync_oldpath_newpath"><code>fs.renameSync(oldPath, newPath)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#fs_fs_rmdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.rmdir(path[, options], callback)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#fs_fs_rmdirsync_path_options"><code>fs.rmdirSync(path[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.stat(path[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_statsync_path_options"><code>fs.statSync(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_symlink_target_path_type_callback"><code>fs.symlink(target, path[, type], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_symlinksync_target_path_type"><code>fs.symlinkSync(target, path[, type])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_truncate_path_len_callback"><code>fs.truncate(path[, len], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_truncatesync_path_len"><code>fs.truncateSync(path[, len])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_unlink_path_callback"><code>fs.unlink(path, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_unlinksync_path"><code>fs.unlinkSync(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_unwatchfile_filename_listener"><code>fs.unwatchFile(filename[, listener])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_utimes_path_atime_mtime_callback"><code>fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_utimessync_path_atime_mtime"><code>fs.utimesSync(path, atime, mtime)</code></a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watch(filename[, options][, listener])</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_caveats">Caveats</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_availability">Availability</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_inodes">Inodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filename_argument">Filename argument</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_watchfile_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watchFile(filename[, options], listener)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_write_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback"><code>fs.write(fd, buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_write_fd_string_position_encoding_callback"><code>fs.write(fd, string[, position[, encoding]], callback)</code></a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_writefile_file_data_options_callback"><code>fs.writeFile(file, data[, options], callback)</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_using_fs_writefile_with_file_descriptors">Using <code>fs.writeFile()</code> with file descriptors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_writefilesync_file_data_options"><code>fs.writeFileSync(file, data[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_writesync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position"><code>fs.writeSync(fd, buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_writesync_fd_string_position_encoding"><code>fs.writeSync(fd, string[, position[, encoding]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_writev_fd_buffers_position_callback"><code>fs.writev(fd, buffers[, position], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fs_writevsync_fd_buffers_position"><code>fs.writevSync(fd, buffers[, position])</code></a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_promises_api"><code>fs</code> Promises API</a></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_class_filehandle">Class: <code>FileHandle</code></a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_appendfile_data_options"><code>filehandle.appendFile(data, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_chmod_mode"><code>filehandle.chmod(mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_chown_uid_gid"><code>filehandle.chown(uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_close"><code>filehandle.close()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_datasync"><code>filehandle.datasync()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_fd"><code>filehandle.fd</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_read_buffer_offset_length_position"><code>filehandle.read(buffer, offset, length, position)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_read_options"><code>filehandle.read(options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_readfile_options"><code>filehandle.readFile(options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_readv_buffers_position"><code>filehandle.readv(buffers[, position])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_stat_options"><code>filehandle.stat([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_sync"><code>filehandle.sync()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_truncate_len"><code>filehandle.truncate(len)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_utimes_atime_mtime"><code>filehandle.utimes(atime, mtime)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_write_buffer_offset_length_position"><code>filehandle.write(buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_write_string_position_encoding"><code>filehandle.write(string[, position[, encoding]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_writefile_data_options"><code>filehandle.writeFile(data, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_filehandle_writev_buffers_position"><code>filehandle.writev(buffers[, position])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_access_path_mode"><code>fsPromises.access(path[, mode])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_appendfile_path_data_options"><code>fsPromises.appendFile(path, data[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_chmod_path_mode"><code>fsPromises.chmod(path, mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_chown_path_uid_gid"><code>fsPromises.chown(path, uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_copyfile_src_dest_flags"><code>fsPromises.copyFile(src, dest[, flags])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_lchmod_path_mode"><code>fsPromises.lchmod(path, mode)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_lchown_path_uid_gid"><code>fsPromises.lchown(path, uid, gid)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_link_existingpath_newpath"><code>fsPromises.link(existingPath, newPath)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_lstat_path_options"><code>fsPromises.lstat(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_mkdir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.mkdir(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_mkdtemp_prefix_options"><code>fsPromises.mkdtemp(prefix[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_open_path_flags_mode"><code>fsPromises.open(path, flags[, mode])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_opendir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.opendir(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_readdir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.readdir(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_readfile_path_options"><code>fsPromises.readFile(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_readlink_path_options"><code>fsPromises.readlink(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_realpath_path_options"><code>fsPromises.realpath(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_rename_oldpath_newpath"><code>fsPromises.rename(oldPath, newPath)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#fs_fspromises_rmdir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.rmdir(path[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_stat_path_options"><code>fsPromises.stat(path[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_symlink_target_path_type"><code>fsPromises.symlink(target, path[, type])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_truncate_path_len"><code>fsPromises.truncate(path[, len])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_unlink_path"><code>fsPromises.unlink(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_utimes_path_atime_mtime"><code>fsPromises.utimes(path, atime, mtime)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_fspromises_writefile_file_data_options"><code>fsPromises.writeFile(file, data[, options])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#fs_fs_constants_1">FS constants</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#fs_file_access_constants">File access constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_copy_constants">File copy constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_open_constants">File open constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_type_constants">File type constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_mode_constants">File mode constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#fs_file_system_flags">File system flags</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="apicontent">
<h1>File system<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_system" id="fs_file_system">#</a></span></h1>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p>
<p>The <code>fs</code> module provides an API for interacting with the file system in a
manner closely modeled around standard POSIX functions.</p>
<p>To use this module:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
</code></pre>
<p>All file system operations have synchronous and asynchronous forms.</p>
<p>The asynchronous form always takes a completion callback as its last argument.
The arguments passed to the completion callback depend on the method, but the
first argument is always reserved for an exception. If the operation was
completed successfully, then the first argument will be <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink('/tmp/hello', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');
});
</code></pre>
<p>Exceptions that occur using synchronous operations are thrown immediately and
may be handled using <code>try…catch</code>, or may be allowed to bubble up.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
try {
fs.unlinkSync('/tmp/hello');
console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');
} catch (err) {
// handle the error
}
</code></pre>
<p>There is no guaranteed ordering when using asynchronous methods. So the
following is prone to error because the <code>fs.stat()</code> operation may complete
before the <code>fs.rename()</code> operation:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('renamed complete');
});
fs.stat('/tmp/world', (err, stats) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(`stats: ${JSON.stringify(stats)}`);
});
</code></pre>
<p>To correctly order the operations, move the <code>fs.stat()</code> call into the callback
of the <code>fs.rename()</code> operation:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.stat('/tmp/world', (err, stats) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(`stats: ${JSON.stringify(stats)}`);
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>In busy processes, use the asynchronous versions of these calls. The synchronous
versions will block the entire process until they complete, halting all
connections.</p>
<p>While it is not recommended, most fs functions allow the callback argument to
be omitted, in which case a default callback is used that rethrows errors. To
get a trace to the original call site, set the <code>NODE_DEBUG</code> environment
variable:</p>
<p>Omitting the callback function on asynchronous fs functions is deprecated and
may result in an error being thrown in the future.</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cat script.js
function bad() {
require('fs').readFile('/');
}
bad();
$ env NODE_DEBUG=fs node script.js
fs.js:88
throw backtrace;
^
Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, read
<stack trace.>
</code></pre>
<h2>File paths<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_paths" id="fs_file_paths">#</a></span></h2>
<p>Most <code>fs</code> operations accept filepaths that may be specified in the form of
a string, a <a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>, or a <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api"><code>URL</code></a> object using the <code>file:</code> protocol.</p>
<p>String form paths are interpreted as UTF-8 character sequences identifying
the absolute or relative filename. Relative paths will be resolved relative
to the current working directory as specified by <code>process.cwd()</code>.</p>
<p>Example using an absolute path on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
fs.open('/open/some/file.txt', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.close(fd, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>Example using a relative path on POSIX (relative to <code>process.cwd()</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('file.txt', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.close(fd, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>Paths specified using a <a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a> are useful primarily on certain POSIX
operating systems that treat file paths as opaque byte sequences. On such
systems, it is possible for a single file path to contain sub-sequences that
use multiple character encodings. As with string paths, <code>Buffer</code> paths may
be relative or absolute:</p>
<p>Example using an absolute path on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open(Buffer.from('/open/some/file.txt'), 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.close(fd, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows, Node.js follows the concept of per-drive working directory. This
behavior can be observed when using a drive path without a backslash. For
example <code>fs.readdirSync('C:\\')</code> can potentially return a different result than
<code>fs.readdirSync('C:')</code>. For more information, see
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#fully-qualified-vs-relative-paths">this MSDN page</a>.</p>
<h3>URL object support<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_url_object_support" id="fs_url_object_support">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v7.6.0</span>
</div>
<p>For most <code>fs</code> module functions, the <code>path</code> or <code>filename</code> argument may be passed
as a WHATWG <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api"><code>URL</code></a> object. Only <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api"><code>URL</code></a> objects using the <code>file:</code> protocol
are supported.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const fileUrl = new URL('file:///tmp/hello');
fs.readFileSync(fileUrl);
</code></pre>
<p><code>file:</code> URLs are always absolute paths.</p>
<p>Using WHATWG <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api"><code>URL</code></a> objects might introduce platform-specific behaviors.</p>
<p>On Windows, <code>file:</code> URLs with a host name convert to UNC paths, while <code>file:</code>
URLs with drive letters convert to local absolute paths. <code>file:</code> URLs without a
host name nor a drive letter will result in a throw:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// On Windows :
// - WHATWG file URLs with hostname convert to UNC path
// file://hostname/p/a/t/h/file => \\hostname\p\a\t\h\file
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file://hostname/p/a/t/h/file'));
// - WHATWG file URLs with drive letters convert to absolute path
// file:///C:/tmp/hello => C:\tmp\hello
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///C:/tmp/hello'));
// - WHATWG file URLs without hostname must have a drive letters
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///notdriveletter/p/a/t/h/file'));
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///c/p/a/t/h/file'));
// TypeError [ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH]: File URL path must be absolute
</code></pre>
<p><code>file:</code> URLs with drive letters must use <code>:</code> as a separator just after
the drive letter. Using another separator will result in a throw.</p>
<p>On all other platforms, <code>file:</code> URLs with a host name are unsupported and will
result in a throw:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// On other platforms:
// - WHATWG file URLs with hostname are unsupported
// file://hostname/p/a/t/h/file => throw!
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file://hostname/p/a/t/h/file'));
// TypeError [ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH]: must be absolute
// - WHATWG file URLs convert to absolute path
// file:///tmp/hello => /tmp/hello
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///tmp/hello'));
</code></pre>
<p>A <code>file:</code> URL having encoded slash characters will result in a throw on all
platforms:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// On Windows
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///C:/p/a/t/h/%2F'));
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///C:/p/a/t/h/%2f'));
/* TypeError [ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH]: File URL path must not include encoded
\ or / characters */
// On POSIX
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///p/a/t/h/%2F'));
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///p/a/t/h/%2f'));
/* TypeError [ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH]: File URL path must not include encoded
/ characters */
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows, <code>file:</code> URLs having encoded backslash will result in a throw:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// On Windows
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///C:/path/%5C'));
fs.readFileSync(new URL('file:///C:/path/%5c'));
/* TypeError [ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH]: File URL path must not include encoded
\ or / characters */
</code></pre>
<h2>File descriptors<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_descriptors" id="fs_file_descriptors">#</a></span></h2>
<p>On POSIX systems, for every process, the kernel maintains a table of currently
open files and resources. Each open file is assigned a simple numeric
identifier called a <em>file descriptor</em>. At the system-level, all file system
operations use these file descriptors to identify and track each specific
file. Windows systems use a different but conceptually similar mechanism for
tracking resources. To simplify things for users, Node.js abstracts away the
specific differences between operating systems and assigns all open files a
numeric file descriptor.</p>
<p>The <code>fs.open()</code> method is used to allocate a new file descriptor. Once
allocated, the file descriptor may be used to read data from, write data to,
or request information about the file.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('/open/some/file.txt', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.fstat(fd, (err, stat) => {
if (err) throw err;
// use stat
// always close the file descriptor!
fs.close(fd, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>Most operating systems limit the number of file descriptors that may be open
at any given time so it is critical to close the descriptor when operations
are completed. Failure to do so will result in a memory leak that will
eventually cause an application to crash.</p>
<h2>Threadpool usage<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_threadpool_usage" id="fs_threadpool_usage">#</a></span></h2>
<p>All file system APIs except <code>fs.FSWatcher()</code> and those that are explicitly
synchronous use libuv's threadpool, which can have surprising and negative
performance implications for some applications. See the
<a href="cli.html#cli_uv_threadpool_size_size"><code>UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE</code></a> documentation for more information.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.Dir</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_dir" id="fs_class_fs_dir">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<p>A class representing a directory stream.</p>
<p>Created by <a href="#fs_fs_opendir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.opendir()</code></a>, <a href="#fs_fs_opendirsync_path_options"><code>fs.opendirSync()</code></a>, or
<a href="#fs_fspromises_opendir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.opendir()</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
async function print(path) {
const dir = await fs.promises.opendir(path);
for await (const dirent of dir) {
console.log(dirent.name);
}
}
print('./').catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<h3><code>dir.close()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_close" id="fs_dir_close">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously close the directory's underlying resource handle.
Subsequent reads will result in errors.</p>
<p>A <code>Promise</code> is returned that will be resolved after the resource has been
closed.</p>
<h3><code>dir.close(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_close_callback" id="fs_dir_close_callback">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously close the directory's underlying resource handle.
Subsequent reads will result in errors.</p>
<p>The <code>callback</code> will be called after the resource handle has been closed.</p>
<h3><code>dir.closeSync()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_closesync" id="fs_dir_closesync">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<p>Synchronously close the directory's underlying resource handle.
Subsequent reads will result in errors.</p>
<h3><code>dir.path</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_path" id="fs_dir_path">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The read-only path of this directory as was provided to <a href="#fs_fs_opendir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.opendir()</code></a>,
<a href="#fs_fs_opendirsync_path_options"><code>fs.opendirSync()</code></a>, or <a href="#fs_fspromises_opendir_path_options"><code>fsPromises.opendir()</code></a>.</p>
<h3><code>dir.read()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_read" id="fs_dir_read">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> containing <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously read the next directory entry via <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a> as an
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>.</p>
<p>After the read is completed, a <code>Promise</code> is returned that will be resolved with
an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>, or <code>null</code> if there are no more directory entries to read.</p>
<p>Directory entries returned by this function are in no particular order as
provided by the operating system's underlying directory mechanisms.
Entries added or removed while iterating over the directory may or may not be
included in the iteration results.</p>
<h3><code>dir.read(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_read_callback" id="fs_dir_read_callback">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>dirent</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously read the next directory entry via <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a> as an
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>.</p>
<p>After the read is completed, the <code>callback</code> will be called with an
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>, or <code>null</code> if there are no more directory entries to read.</p>
<p>Directory entries returned by this function are in no particular order as
provided by the operating system's underlying directory mechanisms.
Entries added or removed while iterating over the directory may or may not be
included in the iteration results.</p>
<h3><code>dir.readSync()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_readsync" id="fs_dir_readsync">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously read the next directory entry via <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a> as an
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>.</p>
<p>If there are no more directory entries to read, <code>null</code> will be returned.</p>
<p>Directory entries returned by this function are in no particular order as
provided by the operating system's underlying directory mechanisms.
Entries added or removed while iterating over the directory may or may not be
included in the iteration results.</p>
<h3><code>dir[Symbol.asyncIterator]()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dir_symbol_asynciterator" id="fs_dir_symbol_asynciterator">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.12.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterator-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterator></a> of <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously iterates over the directory via <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a> until all entries have
been read.</p>
<p>Entries returned by the async iterator are always an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a>.
The <code>null</code> case from <code>dir.read()</code> is handled internally.</p>
<p>See <a href="#fs_class_fs_dir"><code>fs.Dir</code></a> for an example.</p>
<p>Directory entries returned by this iterator are in no particular order as
provided by the operating system's underlying directory mechanisms.
Entries added or removed while iterating over the directory may or may not be
included in the iteration results.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.Dirent</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_dirent" id="fs_class_fs_dirent">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<p>A representation of a directory entry, which can be a file or a subdirectory
within the directory, as returned by reading from an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dir"><code>fs.Dir</code></a>. The
directory entry is a combination of the file name and file type pairs.</p>
<p>Additionally, when <a href="#fs_fs_readdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readdir()</code></a> or <a href="#fs_fs_readdirsync_path_options"><code>fs.readdirSync()</code></a> is called with
the <code>withFileTypes</code> option set to <code>true</code>, the resulting array is filled with
<code>fs.Dirent</code> objects, rather than strings or <code>Buffers</code>.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isBlockDevice()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_isblockdevice" id="fs_dirent_isblockdevice">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a block device.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isCharacterDevice()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_ischaracterdevice" id="fs_dirent_ischaracterdevice">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a character device.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isDirectory()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_isdirectory" id="fs_dirent_isdirectory">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a file system
directory.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isFIFO()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_isfifo" id="fs_dirent_isfifo">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a first-in-first-out
(FIFO) pipe.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isFile()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_isfile" id="fs_dirent_isfile">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a regular file.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isSocket()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_issocket" id="fs_dirent_issocket">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a socket.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.isSymbolicLink()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_issymboliclink" id="fs_dirent_issymboliclink">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Dirent</code> object describes a symbolic link.</p>
<h3><code>dirent.name</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_dirent_name" id="fs_dirent_name">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The file name that this <code>fs.Dirent</code> object refers to. The type of this
value is determined by the <code>options.encoding</code> passed to <a href="#fs_fs_readdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readdir()</code></a> or
<a href="#fs_fs_readdirsync_path_options"><code>fs.readdirSync()</code></a>.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.FSWatcher</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_fswatcher" id="fs_class_fs_fswatcher">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends <a href="events.html#events_class_eventemitter" class="type"><EventEmitter></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A successful call to <a href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watch()</code></a> method will return a new <code>fs.FSWatcher</code>
object.</p>
<p>All <code>fs.FSWatcher</code> objects emit a <code>'change'</code> event whenever a specific watched
file is modified.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'change'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_change" id="fs_event_change">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>eventType</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The type of change event that has occurred</li>
<li><code>filename</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The filename that changed (if relevant/available)</li>
</ul>
<p>Emitted when something changes in a watched directory or file.
See more details in <a href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watch()</code></a>.</p>
<p>The <code>filename</code> argument may not be provided depending on operating system
support. If <code>filename</code> is provided, it will be provided as a <code>Buffer</code> if
<code>fs.watch()</code> is called with its <code>encoding</code> option set to <code>'buffer'</code>, otherwise
<code>filename</code> will be a UTF-8 string.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// Example when handled through fs.watch() listener
fs.watch('./tmp', { encoding: 'buffer' }, (eventType, filename) => {
if (filename) {
console.log(filename);
// Prints: <Buffer ...>
}
});
</code></pre>
<h3>Event: <code>'close'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_close" id="fs_event_close">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<p>Emitted when the watcher stops watching for changes. The closed
<code>fs.FSWatcher</code> object is no longer usable in the event handler.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'error'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_error" id="fs_event_error">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>error</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Emitted when an error occurs while watching the file. The errored
<code>fs.FSWatcher</code> object is no longer usable in the event handler.</p>
<h3><code>watcher.close()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_watcher_close" id="fs_watcher_close">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.8</span>
</div>
<p>Stop watching for changes on the given <code>fs.FSWatcher</code>. Once stopped, the
<code>fs.FSWatcher</code> object is no longer usable.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.ReadStream</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_readstream" id="fs_class_fs_readstream">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#stream_class_stream_readable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A successful call to <code>fs.createReadStream()</code> will return a new <code>fs.ReadStream</code>
object.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'close'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_close_1" id="fs_event_close_1">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<p>Emitted when the <code>fs.ReadStream</code>'s underlying file descriptor has been closed.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'open'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_open" id="fs_event_open">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Integer file descriptor used by the <code>ReadStream</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Emitted when the <code>fs.ReadStream</code>'s file descriptor has been opened.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'ready'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_ready" id="fs_event_ready">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.11.0</span>
</div>
<p>Emitted when the <code>fs.ReadStream</code> is ready to be used.</p>
<p>Fires immediately after <code>'open'</code>.</p>
<h3><code>readStream.bytesRead</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_readstream_bytesread" id="fs_readstream_bytesread">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v6.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The number of bytes that have been read so far.</p>
<h3><code>readStream.path</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_readstream_path" id="fs_readstream_path">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The path to the file the stream is reading from as specified in the first
argument to <code>fs.createReadStream()</code>. If <code>path</code> is passed as a string, then
<code>readStream.path</code> will be a string. If <code>path</code> is passed as a <code>Buffer</code>, then
<code>readStream.path</code> will be a <code>Buffer</code>.</p>
<h3><code>readStream.pending</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_readstream_pending" id="fs_readstream_pending">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.2.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This property is <code>true</code> if the underlying file has not been opened yet,
i.e. before the <code>'ready'</code> event is emitted.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.Stats</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_stats" id="fs_class_fs_stats">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.1.0</td>
<td><p>Added times as numbers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>A <code>fs.Stats</code> object provides information about a file.</p>
<p>Objects returned from <a href="#fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.stat()</code></a>, <a href="#fs_fs_lstat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.lstat()</code></a> and <a href="#fs_fs_fstat_fd_options_callback"><code>fs.fstat()</code></a> and
their synchronous counterparts are of this type.
If <code>bigint</code> in the <code>options</code> passed to those methods is true, the numeric values
will be <code>bigint</code> instead of <code>number</code>, and the object will contain additional
nanosecond-precision properties suffixed with <code>Ns</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">Stats {
dev: 2114,
ino: 48064969,
mode: 33188,
nlink: 1,
uid: 85,
gid: 100,
rdev: 0,
size: 527,
blksize: 4096,
blocks: 8,
atimeMs: 1318289051000.1,
mtimeMs: 1318289051000.1,
ctimeMs: 1318289051000.1,
birthtimeMs: 1318289051000.1,
atime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
mtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
ctime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
birthtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT }
</code></pre>
<p><code>bigint</code> version:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">BigIntStats {
dev: 2114n,
ino: 48064969n,
mode: 33188n,
nlink: 1n,
uid: 85n,
gid: 100n,
rdev: 0n,
size: 527n,
blksize: 4096n,
blocks: 8n,
atimeMs: 1318289051000n,
mtimeMs: 1318289051000n,
ctimeMs: 1318289051000n,
birthtimeMs: 1318289051000n,
atimeNs: 1318289051000000000n,
mtimeNs: 1318289051000000000n,
ctimeNs: 1318289051000000000n,
birthtimeNs: 1318289051000000000n,
atime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
mtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
ctime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
birthtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT }
</code></pre>
<h3><code>stats.isBlockDevice()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_isblockdevice" id="fs_stats_isblockdevice">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a block device.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isCharacterDevice()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_ischaracterdevice" id="fs_stats_ischaracterdevice">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a character device.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isDirectory()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_isdirectory" id="fs_stats_isdirectory">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a file system directory.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isFIFO()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_isfifo" id="fs_stats_isfifo">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a first-in-first-out (FIFO)
pipe.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isFile()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_isfile" id="fs_stats_isfile">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a regular file.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isSocket()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_issocket" id="fs_stats_issocket">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a socket.</p>
<h3><code>stats.isSymbolicLink()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_issymboliclink" id="fs_stats_issymboliclink">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.10</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the <code>fs.Stats</code> object describes a symbolic link.</p>
<p>This method is only valid when using <a href="#fs_fs_lstat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.lstat()</code></a>.</p>
<h3><code>stats.dev</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_dev" id="fs_stats_dev">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The numeric identifier of the device containing the file.</p>
<h3><code>stats.ino</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_ino" id="fs_stats_ino">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The file system specific "Inode" number for the file.</p>
<h3><code>stats.mode</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_mode" id="fs_stats_mode">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A bit-field describing the file type and mode.</p>
<h3><code>stats.nlink</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_nlink" id="fs_stats_nlink">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The number of hard-links that exist for the file.</p>
<h3><code>stats.uid</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_uid" id="fs_stats_uid">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The numeric user identifier of the user that owns the file (POSIX).</p>
<h3><code>stats.gid</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_gid" id="fs_stats_gid">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The numeric group identifier of the group that owns the file (POSIX).</p>
<h3><code>stats.rdev</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_rdev" id="fs_stats_rdev">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A numeric device identifier if the file is considered "special".</p>
<h3><code>stats.size</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_size" id="fs_stats_size">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The size of the file in bytes.</p>
<h3><code>stats.blksize</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_blksize" id="fs_stats_blksize">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The file system block size for i/o operations.</p>
<h3><code>stats.blocks</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_blocks" id="fs_stats_blocks">#</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The number of blocks allocated for this file.</p>
<h3><code>stats.atimeMs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_atimems" id="fs_stats_atimems">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.1.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time this file was accessed expressed in
milliseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.mtimeMs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_mtimems" id="fs_stats_mtimems">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.1.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time this file was modified expressed in
milliseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.ctimeMs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_ctimems" id="fs_stats_ctimems">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.1.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time the file status was changed expressed
in milliseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.birthtimeMs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_birthtimems" id="fs_stats_birthtimems">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.1.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the creation time of this file expressed in
milliseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.atimeNs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_atimens" id="fs_stats_atimens">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Only present when <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the method that generates
the object.
The timestamp indicating the last time this file was accessed expressed in
nanoseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.mtimeNs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_mtimens" id="fs_stats_mtimens">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Only present when <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the method that generates
the object.
The timestamp indicating the last time this file was modified expressed in
nanoseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.ctimeNs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_ctimens" id="fs_stats_ctimens">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Only present when <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the method that generates
the object.
The timestamp indicating the last time the file status was changed expressed
in nanoseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.birthtimeNs</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_birthtimens" id="fs_stats_birthtimens">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Only present when <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the method that generates
the object.
The timestamp indicating the creation time of this file expressed in
nanoseconds since the POSIX Epoch.</p>
<h3><code>stats.atime</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_atime" id="fs_stats_atime">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.13</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time this file was accessed.</p>
<h3><code>stats.mtime</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_mtime" id="fs_stats_mtime">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.13</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time this file was modified.</p>
<h3><code>stats.ctime</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_ctime" id="fs_stats_ctime">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.13</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the last time the file status was changed.</p>
<h3><code>stats.birthtime</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stats_birthtime" id="fs_stats_birthtime">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.13</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The timestamp indicating the creation time of this file.</p>
<h3>Stat time values<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_stat_time_values" id="fs_stat_time_values">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The <code>atimeMs</code>, <code>mtimeMs</code>, <code>ctimeMs</code>, <code>birthtimeMs</code> properties are
numeric values that hold the corresponding times in milliseconds. Their
precision is platform specific. When <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the
method that generates the object, the properties will be <a href="https://tc39.github.io/proposal-bigint">bigints</a>,
otherwise they will be <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type">numbers</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>atimeNs</code>, <code>mtimeNs</code>, <code>ctimeNs</code>, <code>birthtimeNs</code> properties are
<a href="https://tc39.github.io/proposal-bigint">bigints</a> that hold the corresponding times in nanoseconds. They are
only present when <code>bigint: true</code> is passed into the method that generates
the object. Their precision is platform specific.</p>
<p><code>atime</code>, <code>mtime</code>, <code>ctime</code>, and <code>birthtime</code> are
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date"><code>Date</code></a> object alternate representations of the various times. The
<code>Date</code> and number values are not connected. Assigning a new number value, or
mutating the <code>Date</code> value, will not be reflected in the corresponding alternate
representation.</p>
<p>The times in the stat object have the following semantics:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>atime</code> "Access Time": Time when file data last accessed. Changed
by the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mknod.2.html"><code>mknod(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/utimes.2.html"><code>utimes(2)</code></a>, and <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/read.2.html"><code>read(2)</code></a> system calls.</li>
<li><code>mtime</code> "Modified Time": Time when file data last modified.
Changed by the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mknod.2.html"><code>mknod(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/utimes.2.html"><code>utimes(2)</code></a>, and <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/write.2.html"><code>write(2)</code></a> system calls.</li>
<li><code>ctime</code> "Change Time": Time when file status was last changed
(inode data modification). Changed by the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chmod.2.html"><code>chmod(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chown.2.html"><code>chown(2)</code></a>,
<a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/link.2.html"><code>link(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mknod.2.html"><code>mknod(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rename.2.html"><code>rename(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/unlink.2.html"><code>unlink(2)</code></a>, <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/utimes.2.html"><code>utimes(2)</code></a>,
<a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/read.2.html"><code>read(2)</code></a>, and <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/write.2.html"><code>write(2)</code></a> system calls.</li>
<li><code>birthtime</code> "Birth Time": Time of file creation. Set once when the
file is created. On filesystems where birthtime is not available,
this field may instead hold either the <code>ctime</code> or
<code>1970-01-01T00:00Z</code> (ie, Unix epoch timestamp <code>0</code>). This value may be greater
than <code>atime</code> or <code>mtime</code> in this case. On Darwin and other FreeBSD variants,
also set if the <code>atime</code> is explicitly set to an earlier value than the current
<code>birthtime</code> using the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/utimes.2.html"><code>utimes(2)</code></a> system call.</li>
</ul>
<p>Prior to Node.js 0.12, the <code>ctime</code> held the <code>birthtime</code> on Windows systems. As
of 0.12, <code>ctime</code> is not "creation time", and on Unix systems, it never was.</p>
<h2>Class: <code>fs.WriteStream</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_fs_writestream" id="fs_class_fs_writestream">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends <a href="stream.html#stream_class_stream_writable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Event: <code>'close'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_close_2" id="fs_event_close_2">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<p>Emitted when the <code>WriteStream</code>'s underlying file descriptor has been closed.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'open'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_open_1" id="fs_event_open_1">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Integer file descriptor used by the <code>WriteStream</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Emitted when the <code>WriteStream</code>'s file is opened.</p>
<h3>Event: <code>'ready'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_event_ready_1" id="fs_event_ready_1">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.11.0</span>
</div>
<p>Emitted when the <code>fs.WriteStream</code> is ready to be used.</p>
<p>Fires immediately after <code>'open'</code>.</p>
<h3><code>writeStream.bytesWritten</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_writestream_byteswritten" id="fs_writestream_byteswritten">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.4.7</span>
</div>
<p>The number of bytes written so far. Does not include data that is still queued
for writing.</p>
<h3><code>writeStream.path</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_writestream_path" id="fs_writestream_path">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.93</span>
</div>
<p>The path to the file the stream is writing to as specified in the first
argument to <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a>. If <code>path</code> is passed as a string, then
<code>writeStream.path</code> will be a string. If <code>path</code> is passed as a <code>Buffer</code>, then
<code>writeStream.path</code> will be a <code>Buffer</code>.</p>
<h3><code>writeStream.pending</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_writestream_pending" id="fs_writestream_pending">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.2.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This property is <code>true</code> if the underlying file has not been opened yet,
i.e. before the <code>'ready'</code> event is emitted.</p>
<h2><code>fs.access(path[, mode], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback" id="fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.3.0</td>
<td><p>The constants like <code>fs.R_OK</code>, etc which were present directly on <code>fs</code> were moved into <code>fs.constants</code> as a soft deprecation. Thus for Node.js <code>< v6.3.0</code> use <code>fs</code> to access those constants, or do something like <code>(fs.constants || fs).R_OK</code> to work with all versions.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.15</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.15</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>fs.constants.F_OK</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Tests a user's permissions for the file or directory specified by <code>path</code>.
The <code>mode</code> argument is an optional integer that specifies the accessibility
checks to be performed. Check <a href="#fs_file_access_constants">File access constants</a> for possible values
of <code>mode</code>. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of
two or more values (e.g. <code>fs.constants.W_OK | fs.constants.R_OK</code>).</p>
<p>The final argument, <code>callback</code>, is a callback function that is invoked with
a possible error argument. If any of the accessibility checks fail, the error
argument will be an <code>Error</code> object. The following examples check if
<code>package.json</code> exists, and if it is readable or writable.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const file = 'package.json';
// Check if the file exists in the current directory.
fs.access(file, fs.constants.F_OK, (err) => {
console.log(`${file} ${err ? 'does not exist' : 'exists'}`);
});
// Check if the file is readable.
fs.access(file, fs.constants.R_OK, (err) => {
console.log(`${file} ${err ? 'is not readable' : 'is readable'}`);
});
// Check if the file is writable.
fs.access(file, fs.constants.W_OK, (err) => {
console.log(`${file} ${err ? 'is not writable' : 'is writable'}`);
});
// Check if the file exists in the current directory, and if it is writable.
fs.access(file, fs.constants.F_OK | fs.constants.W_OK, (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error(
`${file} ${err.code === 'ENOENT' ? 'does not exist' : 'is read-only'}`);
} else {
console.log(`${file} exists, and it is writable`);
}
});
</code></pre>
<p>Using <code>fs.access()</code> to check for the accessibility of a file before calling
<code>fs.open()</code>, <code>fs.readFile()</code> or <code>fs.writeFile()</code> is not recommended. Doing
so introduces a race condition, since other processes may change the file's
state between the two calls. Instead, user code should open/read/write the
file directly and handle the error raised if the file is not accessible.</p>
<p><strong>write (NOT RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.access('myfile', (err) => {
if (!err) {
console.error('myfile already exists');
return;
}
fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
writeMyData(fd);
});
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>write (RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
if (err) {
if (err.code === 'EEXIST') {
console.error('myfile already exists');
return;
}
throw err;
}
writeMyData(fd);
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>read (NOT RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.access('myfile', (err) => {
if (err) {
if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
console.error('myfile does not exist');
return;
}
throw err;
}
fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
readMyData(fd);
});
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>read (RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) {
if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
console.error('myfile does not exist');
return;
}
throw err;
}
readMyData(fd);
});
</code></pre>
<p>The "not recommended" examples above check for accessibility and then use the
file; the "recommended" examples are better because they use the file directly
and handle the error, if any.</p>
<p>In general, check for the accessibility of a file only if the file will not be
used directly, for example when its accessibility is a signal from another
process.</p>
<p>On Windows, access-control policies (ACLs) on a directory may limit access to
a file or directory. The <code>fs.access()</code> function, however, does not check the
ACL and therefore may report that a path is accessible even if the ACL restricts
the user from reading or writing to it.</p>
<h2><code>fs.accessSync(path[, mode])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_accesssync_path_mode" id="fs_fs_accesssync_path_mode">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.15</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.15</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>fs.constants.F_OK</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously tests a user's permissions for the file or directory specified
by <code>path</code>. The <code>mode</code> argument is an optional integer that specifies the
accessibility checks to be performed. Check <a href="#fs_file_access_constants">File access constants</a> for
possible values of <code>mode</code>. It is possible to create a mask consisting of
the bitwise OR of two or more values
(e.g. <code>fs.constants.W_OK | fs.constants.R_OK</code>).</p>
<p>If any of the accessibility checks fail, an <code>Error</code> will be thrown. Otherwise,
the method will return <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">try {
fs.accessSync('etc/passwd', fs.constants.R_OK | fs.constants.W_OK);
console.log('can read/write');
} catch (err) {
console.error('no access!');
}
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.appendFile(path, data[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_appendfile_path_data_options_callback" id="fs_fs_appendfile_path_data_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object will never be modified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>file</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.6.7</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.6.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'a'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously append data to a file, creating the file if it does not yet
exist. <code>data</code> can be a string or a <a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.appendFile('message.txt', 'data to append', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('The "data to append" was appended to file!');
});
</code></pre>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.appendFile('message.txt', 'data to append', 'utf8', callback);
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>path</code> may be specified as a numeric file descriptor that has been opened
for appending (using <code>fs.open()</code> or <code>fs.openSync()</code>). The file descriptor will
not be closed automatically.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('message.txt', 'a', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.appendFile(fd, 'data to append', 'utf8', (err) => {
fs.close(fd, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
if (err) throw err;
});
});
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.appendFileSync(path, data[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_appendfilesync_path_data_options" id="fs_fs_appendfilesync_path_data_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object will never be modified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>file</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.6.7</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.6.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'a'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously append data to a file, creating the file if it does not yet
exist. <code>data</code> can be a string or a <a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">try {
fs.appendFileSync('message.txt', 'data to append');
console.log('The "data to append" was appended to file!');
} catch (err) {
/* Handle the error */
}
</code></pre>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.appendFileSync('message.txt', 'data to append', 'utf8');
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>path</code> may be specified as a numeric file descriptor that has been opened
for appending (using <code>fs.open()</code> or <code>fs.openSync()</code>). The file descriptor will
not be closed automatically.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">let fd;
try {
fd = fs.openSync('message.txt', 'a');
fs.appendFileSync(fd, 'data to append', 'utf8');
} catch (err) {
/* Handle the error */
} finally {
if (fd !== undefined)
fs.closeSync(fd);
}
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.chmod(path, mode, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_chmod_path_mode_callback" id="fs_fs_chmod_path_mode_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.30</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.30</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously changes the permissions of a file. No arguments other than a
possible exception are given to the completion callback.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chmod.2.html"><code>chmod(2)</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.chmod('my_file.txt', 0o775, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('The permissions for file "my_file.txt" have been changed!');
});
</code></pre>
<h3>File modes<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_modes" id="fs_file_modes">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The <code>mode</code> argument used in both the <code>fs.chmod()</code> and <code>fs.chmodSync()</code>
methods is a numeric bitmask created using a logical OR of the following
constants:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Constant</th><th>Octal</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IRUSR</code></td><td><code>0o400</code></td><td>read by owner</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IWUSR</code></td><td><code>0o200</code></td><td>write by owner</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IXUSR</code></td><td><code>0o100</code></td><td>execute/search by owner</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IRGRP</code></td><td><code>0o40</code></td><td>read by group</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IWGRP</code></td><td><code>0o20</code></td><td>write by group</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IXGRP</code></td><td><code>0o10</code></td><td>execute/search by group</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IROTH</code></td><td><code>0o4</code></td><td>read by others</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IWOTH</code></td><td><code>0o2</code></td><td>write by others</td></tr><tr><td><code>fs.constants.S_IXOTH</code></td><td><code>0o1</code></td><td>execute/search by others</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>An easier method of constructing the <code>mode</code> is to use a sequence of three
octal digits (e.g. <code>765</code>). The left-most digit (<code>7</code> in the example), specifies
the permissions for the file owner. The middle digit (<code>6</code> in the example),
specifies permissions for the group. The right-most digit (<code>5</code> in the example),
specifies the permissions for others.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Number</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>7</code></td><td>read, write, and execute</td></tr><tr><td><code>6</code></td><td>read and write</td></tr><tr><td><code>5</code></td><td>read and execute</td></tr><tr><td><code>4</code></td><td>read only</td></tr><tr><td><code>3</code></td><td>write and execute</td></tr><tr><td><code>2</code></td><td>write only</td></tr><tr><td><code>1</code></td><td>execute only</td></tr><tr><td><code>0</code></td><td>no permission</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>For example, the octal value <code>0o765</code> means:</p>
<ul>
<li>The owner may read, write and execute the file.</li>
<li>The group may read and write the file.</li>
<li>Others may read and execute the file.</li>
</ul>
<p>When using raw numbers where file modes are expected, any value larger than
<code>0o777</code> may result in platform-specific behaviors that are not supported to work
consistently. Therefore constants like <code>S_ISVTX</code>, <code>S_ISGID</code> or <code>S_ISUID</code> are not
exposed in <code>fs.constants</code>.</p>
<p>Caveats: on Windows only the write permission can be changed, and the
distinction among the permissions of group, owner or others is not
implemented.</p>
<h2><code>fs.chmodSync(path, mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_chmodsync_path_mode" id="fs_fs_chmodsync_path_mode">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.6.7</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.6.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_chmod_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.chmod()</code></a>.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chmod.2.html"><code>chmod(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.chown(path, uid, gid, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_chown_path_uid_gid_callback" id="fs_fs_chown_path_uid_gid_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.97</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.97</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously changes owner and group of a file. No arguments other than a
possible exception are given to the completion callback.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chown.2.html"><code>chown(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.chownSync(path, uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_chownsync_path_uid_gid" id="fs_fs_chownsync_path_uid_gid">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.97</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.97</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously changes owner and group of a file. Returns <code>undefined</code>.
This is the synchronous version of <a href="#fs_fs_chown_path_uid_gid_callback"><code>fs.chown()</code></a>.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chown.2.html"><code>chown(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.close(fd, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_close_fd_callback" id="fs_fs_close_fd_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/close.2.html"><code>close(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given
to the completion callback.</p>
<p>Calling <code>fs.close()</code> on any file descriptor (<code>fd</code>) that is currently in use
through any other <code>fs</code> operation may lead to undefined behavior.</p>
<h2><code>fs.closeSync(fd)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_closesync_fd" id="fs_fs_closesync_fd">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.21</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/close.2.html"><code>close(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>Calling <code>fs.closeSync()</code> on any file descriptor (<code>fd</code>) that is currently in use
through any other <code>fs</code> operation may lead to undefined behavior.</p>
<h2><code>fs.constants</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_constants" id="fs_fs_constants">#</a></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns an object containing commonly used constants for file system
operations. The specific constants currently defined are described in
<a href="#fs_fs_constants_1">FS constants</a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.copyFile(src, dest[, flags], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_copyfile_src_dest_flags_callback" id="fs_fs_copyfile_src_dest_flags_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> source filename to copy</li>
<li><code>dest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> destination filename of the copy operation</li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> modifiers for copy operation. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously copies <code>src</code> to <code>dest</code>. By default, <code>dest</code> is overwritten if it
already exists. No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the
callback function. Node.js makes no guarantees about the atomicity of the copy
operation. If an error occurs after the destination file has been opened for
writing, Node.js will attempt to remove the destination.</p>
<p><code>flags</code> is an optional integer that specifies the behavior
of the copy operation. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise
OR of two or more values (e.g.
<code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL | fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>).</p>
<ul>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL</code>: The copy operation will fail if <code>dest</code> already
exists.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to create a
copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write, then a
fallback copy mechanism is used.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE_FORCE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to
create a copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write,
then the operation will fail.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
// destination.txt will be created or overwritten by default.
fs.copyFile('source.txt', 'destination.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('source.txt was copied to destination.txt');
});
</code></pre>
<p>If the third argument is a number, then it specifies <code>flags</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const { COPYFILE_EXCL } = fs.constants;
// By using COPYFILE_EXCL, the operation will fail if destination.txt exists.
fs.copyFile('source.txt', 'destination.txt', COPYFILE_EXCL, callback);
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.copyFileSync(src, dest[, flags])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_copyfilesync_src_dest_flags" id="fs_fs_copyfilesync_src_dest_flags">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> source filename to copy</li>
<li><code>dest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> destination filename of the copy operation</li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> modifiers for copy operation. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously copies <code>src</code> to <code>dest</code>. By default, <code>dest</code> is overwritten if it
already exists. Returns <code>undefined</code>. Node.js makes no guarantees about the
atomicity of the copy operation. If an error occurs after the destination file
has been opened for writing, Node.js will attempt to remove the destination.</p>
<p><code>flags</code> is an optional integer that specifies the behavior
of the copy operation. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise
OR of two or more values (e.g.
<code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL | fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>).</p>
<ul>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL</code>: The copy operation will fail if <code>dest</code> already
exists.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to create a
copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write, then a
fallback copy mechanism is used.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE_FORCE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to
create a copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write,
then the operation will fail.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
// destination.txt will be created or overwritten by default.
fs.copyFileSync('source.txt', 'destination.txt');
console.log('source.txt was copied to destination.txt');
</code></pre>
<p>If the third argument is a number, then it specifies <code>flags</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const { COPYFILE_EXCL } = fs.constants;
// By using COPYFILE_EXCL, the operation will fail if destination.txt exists.
fs.copyFileSync('source.txt', 'destination.txt', COPYFILE_EXCL);
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.createReadStream(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_createreadstream_path_options" id="fs_fs_createreadstream_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>fs</code> options allow overriding the used <code>fs</code> implementation.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.10.0</td>
<td><p>Enable <code>emitClose</code> option.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.0.0</td>
<td><p>Impose new restrictions on <code>start</code> and <code>end</code>, throwing more appropriate errors in cases when we cannot reasonably handle the input values.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object will never be modified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v2.3.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object can be a string now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong>
<code>'r'</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>autoClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code></li>
<li><code>emitClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>start</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>end</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>Infinity</code></li>
<li><code>highWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>64 * 1024</code></li>
<li><code>fs</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_readstream" class="type"><fs.ReadStream></a> See <a href="#stream_class_stream_readable">Readable Stream</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Unlike the 16 kb default <code>highWaterMark</code> for a readable stream, the stream
returned by this method has a default <code>highWaterMark</code> of 64 kb.</p>
<p><code>options</code> can include <code>start</code> and <code>end</code> values to read a range of bytes from
the file instead of the entire file. Both <code>start</code> and <code>end</code> are inclusive and
start counting at 0, allowed values are in the
[0, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/MAX_SAFE_INTEGER"><code>Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER</code></a>] range. If <code>fd</code> is specified and <code>start</code> is
omitted or <code>undefined</code>, <code>fs.createReadStream()</code> reads sequentially from the
current file position. The <code>encoding</code> can be any one of those accepted by
<a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>fd</code> is specified, <code>ReadStream</code> will ignore the <code>path</code> argument and will use
the specified file descriptor. This means that no <code>'open'</code> event will be
emitted. <code>fd</code> should be blocking; non-blocking <code>fd</code>s should be passed to
<a href="net.html#net_class_net_socket"><code>net.Socket</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>fd</code> points to a character device that only supports blocking reads
(such as keyboard or sound card), read operations do not finish until data is
available. This can prevent the process from exiting and the stream from
closing naturally.</p>
<p>By default, the stream will not emit a <code>'close'</code> event after it has been
destroyed. This is the opposite of the default for other <code>Readable</code> streams.
Set the <code>emitClose</code> option to <code>true</code> to change this behavior.</p>
<p>By providing the <code>fs</code> option, it is possible to override the corresponding <code>fs</code>
implementations for <code>open</code>, <code>read</code>, and <code>close</code>. When providing the <code>fs</code> option,
overrides for <code>open</code>, <code>read</code>, and <code>close</code> are required.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
// Create a stream from some character device.
const stream = fs.createReadStream('/dev/input/event0');
setTimeout(() => {
stream.close(); // This may not close the stream.
// Artificially marking end-of-stream, as if the underlying resource had
// indicated end-of-file by itself, allows the stream to close.
// This does not cancel pending read operations, and if there is such an
// operation, the process may still not be able to exit successfully
// until it finishes.
stream.push(null);
stream.read(0);
}, 100);
</code></pre>
<p>If <code>autoClose</code> is false, then the file descriptor won't be closed, even if
there's an error. It is the application's responsibility to close it and make
sure there's no file descriptor leak. If <code>autoClose</code> is set to true (default
behavior), on <code>'error'</code> or <code>'end'</code> the file descriptor will be closed
automatically.</p>
<p><code>mode</code> sets the file mode (permission and sticky bits), but only if the
file was created.</p>
<p>An example to read the last 10 bytes of a file which is 100 bytes long:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.createReadStream('sample.txt', { start: 90, end: 99 });
</code></pre>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<h2><code>fs.createWriteStream(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options" id="fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>fs</code> options allow overriding the used <code>fs</code> implementation.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.10.0</td>
<td><p>Enable <code>emitClose</code> option.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object will never be modified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.5.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>autoClose</code> option is supported now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v2.3.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object can be a string now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong>
<code>'w'</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>autoClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code></li>
<li><code>emitClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>start</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>fs</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_writestream" class="type"><fs.WriteStream></a> See <a href="#stream_class_stream_writable">Writable Stream</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><code>options</code> may also include a <code>start</code> option to allow writing data at
some position past the beginning of the file, allowed values are in the
[0, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/MAX_SAFE_INTEGER"><code>Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER</code></a>] range. Modifying a file rather
than replacing it may require a <code>flags</code> mode of <code>r+</code> rather than the
default mode <code>w</code>. The <code>encoding</code> can be any one of those accepted by
<a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>autoClose</code> is set to true (default behavior) on <code>'error'</code> or <code>'finish'</code>
the file descriptor will be closed automatically. If <code>autoClose</code> is false,
then the file descriptor won't be closed, even if there's an error.
It is the application's responsibility to close it and make sure there's no
file descriptor leak.</p>
<p>By default, the stream will not emit a <code>'close'</code> event after it has been
destroyed. This is the opposite of the default for other <code>Writable</code> streams.
Set the <code>emitClose</code> option to <code>true</code> to change this behavior.</p>
<p>By providing the <code>fs</code> option it is possible to override the corresponding <code>fs</code>
implementations for <code>open</code>, <code>write</code>, <code>writev</code> and <code>close</code>. Overriding <code>write()</code>
without <code>writev()</code> can reduce performance as some optimizations (<code>_writev()</code>)
will be disabled. When providing the <code>fs</code> option, overrides for <code>open</code>,
<code>close</code>, and at least one of <code>write</code> and <code>writev</code> are required.</p>
<p>Like <a href="#fs_class_fs_readstream"><code>ReadStream</code></a>, if <code>fd</code> is specified, <a href="#fs_class_fs_writestream"><code>WriteStream</code></a> will ignore the
<code>path</code> argument and will use the specified file descriptor. This means that no
<code>'open'</code> event will be emitted. <code>fd</code> should be blocking; non-blocking <code>fd</code>s
should be passed to <a href="net.html#net_class_net_socket"><code>net.Socket</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<h2><code>fs.exists(path, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_exists_path_callback" id="fs_fs_exists_path_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v1.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Deprecated since: v1.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated: Use <a href="#fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback"><code>fs.stat()</code></a> or <a href="#fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.access()</code></a> instead.</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>exists</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Test whether or not the given path exists by checking with the file system.
Then call the <code>callback</code> argument with either true or false:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.exists('/etc/passwd', (exists) => {
console.log(exists ? 'it\'s there' : 'no passwd!');
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>The parameters for this callback are not consistent with other Node.js
callbacks.</strong> Normally, the first parameter to a Node.js callback is an <code>err</code>
parameter, optionally followed by other parameters. The <code>fs.exists()</code> callback
has only one boolean parameter. This is one reason <code>fs.access()</code> is recommended
instead of <code>fs.exists()</code>.</p>
<p>Using <code>fs.exists()</code> to check for the existence of a file before calling
<code>fs.open()</code>, <code>fs.readFile()</code> or <code>fs.writeFile()</code> is not recommended. Doing
so introduces a race condition, since other processes may change the file's
state between the two calls. Instead, user code should open/read/write the
file directly and handle the error raised if the file does not exist.</p>
<p><strong>write (NOT RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.exists('myfile', (exists) => {
if (exists) {
console.error('myfile already exists');
} else {
fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
writeMyData(fd);
});
}
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>write (RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
if (err) {
if (err.code === 'EEXIST') {
console.error('myfile already exists');
return;
}
throw err;
}
writeMyData(fd);
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>read (NOT RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.exists('myfile', (exists) => {
if (exists) {
fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
readMyData(fd);
});
} else {
console.error('myfile does not exist');
}
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>read (RECOMMENDED)</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) {
if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
console.error('myfile does not exist');
return;
}
throw err;
}
readMyData(fd);
});
</code></pre>
<p>The "not recommended" examples above check for existence and then use the
file; the "recommended" examples are better because they use the file directly
and handle the error, if any.</p>
<p>In general, check for the existence of a file only if the file won’t be
used directly, for example when its existence is a signal from another
process.</p>
<h2><code>fs.existsSync(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_existssync_path" id="fs_fs_existssync_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the path exists, <code>false</code> otherwise.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="fs.html#fs_fs_exists_path_callback"><code>fs.exists()</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>fs.exists()</code> is deprecated, but <code>fs.existsSync()</code> is not. The <code>callback</code>
parameter to <code>fs.exists()</code> accepts parameters that are inconsistent with other
Node.js callbacks. <code>fs.existsSync()</code> does not use a callback.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">if (fs.existsSync('/etc/passwd')) {
console.log('The path exists.');
}
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.fchmod(fd, mode, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fchmod_fd_mode_callback" id="fs_fs_fchmod_fd_mode_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.7</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fchmod.2.html"><code>fchmod(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception
are given to the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fchmodSync(fd, mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fchmodsync_fd_mode" id="fs_fs_fchmodsync_fd_mode">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.4.7</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fchmod.2.html"><code>fchmod(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fchown_fd_uid_gid_callback" id="fs_fs_fchown_fd_uid_gid_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.7</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fchown.2.html"><code>fchown(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given
to the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fchownSync(fd, uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fchownsync_fd_uid_gid" id="fs_fs_fchownsync_fd_uid_gid">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.4.7</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fchown.2.html"><code>fchown(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fdatasync(fd, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fdatasync_fd_callback" id="fs_fs_fdatasync_fd_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.96</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.96</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fdatasync.2.html"><code>fdatasync(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are
given to the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fdatasyncSync(fd)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fdatasyncsync_fd" id="fs_fs_fdatasyncsync_fd">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.96</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fdatasync.2.html"><code>fdatasync(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fstat(fd[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fstat_fd_options_callback" id="fs_fs_fstat_fd_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.95</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.95</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>stats</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fstat.2.html"><code>fstat(2)</code></a>. The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, stats)</code> where
<code>stats</code> is an <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object. <code>fstat()</code> is identical to <a href="fs.html#fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback"><code>stat()</code></a>,
except that the file to be stat-ed is specified by the file descriptor <code>fd</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fstatSync(fd[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fstatsync_fd_options" id="fs_fs_fstatsync_fd_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.95</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.95</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fstat.2.html"><code>fstat(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fsync(fd, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fsync_fd_callback" id="fs_fs_fsync_fd_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.96</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.96</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fsync.2.html"><code>fsync(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given
to the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.fsyncSync(fd)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_fsyncsync_fd" id="fs_fs_fsyncsync_fd">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.96</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fsync.2.html"><code>fsync(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.ftruncate(fd[, len], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_ftruncate_fd_len_callback" id="fs_fs_ftruncate_fd_len_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.8.6</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.8.6</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ftruncate.2.html"><code>ftruncate(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are
given to the completion callback.</p>
<p>If the file referred to by the file descriptor was larger than <code>len</code> bytes, only
the first <code>len</code> bytes will be retained in the file.</p>
<p>For example, the following program retains only the first four bytes of the
file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
// Prints: Node.js
// get the file descriptor of the file to be truncated
const fd = fs.openSync('temp.txt', 'r+');
// Truncate the file to first four bytes
fs.ftruncate(fd, 4, (err) => {
assert.ifError(err);
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
});
// Prints: Node
</code></pre>
<p>If the file previously was shorter than <code>len</code> bytes, it is extended, and the
extended part is filled with null bytes (<code>'\0'</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
// Prints: Node.js
// get the file descriptor of the file to be truncated
const fd = fs.openSync('temp.txt', 'r+');
// Truncate the file to 10 bytes, whereas the actual size is 7 bytes
fs.ftruncate(fd, 10, (err) => {
assert.ifError(err);
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt'));
});
// Prints: <Buffer 4e 6f 64 65 2e 6a 73 00 00 00>
// ('Node.js\0\0\0' in UTF8)
</code></pre>
<p>The last three bytes are null bytes (<code>'\0'</code>), to compensate the over-truncation.</p>
<h2><code>fs.ftruncateSync(fd[, len])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_ftruncatesync_fd_len" id="fs_fs_ftruncatesync_fd_len">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.8.6</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_ftruncate_fd_len_callback"><code>fs.ftruncate()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_futimes_fd_atime_mtime_callback" id="fs_fs_futimes_fd_atime_mtime_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v4.1.0</td>
<td><p>Numeric strings, <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code> are now allowed time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Change the file system timestamps of the object referenced by the supplied file
descriptor. See <a href="#fs_fs_utimes_path_atime_mtime_callback"><code>fs.utimes()</code></a>.</p>
<p>This function does not work on AIX versions before 7.1, it will return the
error <code>UV_ENOSYS</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_futimessync_fd_atime_mtime" id="fs_fs_futimessync_fd_atime_mtime">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v4.1.0</td>
<td><p>Numeric strings, <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code> are now allowed time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous version of <a href="#fs_fs_futimes_fd_atime_mtime_callback"><code>fs.futimes()</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lchmod(path, mode, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lchmod_path_mode_callback" id="fs_fs_lchmod_path_mode_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.7</td>
<td><p><span>Deprecated since: v0.4.7</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lchmod&sektion=2"><code>lchmod(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception
are given to the completion callback.</p>
<p>Only available on macOS.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lchmodSync(path, mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lchmodsync_path_mode" id="fs_fs_lchmodsync_path_mode">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Deprecated since: v0.4.7</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lchmod&sektion=2"><code>lchmod(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lchown(path, uid, gid, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lchown_path_uid_gid_callback" id="fs_fs_lchown_path_uid_gid_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.6.0</td>
<td><p>This API is no longer deprecated.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/lchown.2.html"><code>lchown(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given
to the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lchownSync(path, uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lchownsync_path_uid_gid" id="fs_fs_lchownsync_path_uid_gid">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.6.0</td>
<td><p>This API is no longer deprecated.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/lchown.2.html"><code>lchown(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.link(existingPath, newPath, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_link_existingpath_newpath_callback" id="fs_fs_link_existingpath_newpath_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>existingPath</code> and <code>newPath</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>existingPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/link.2.html"><code>link(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given to
the completion callback.</p>
<h2><code>fs.linkSync(existingPath, newPath)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_linksync_existingpath_newpath" id="fs_fs_linksync_existingpath_newpath">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>existingPath</code> and <code>newPath</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>existingPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/link.2.html"><code>link(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lstat(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lstat_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_lstat_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.30</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.30</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>stats</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/lstat.2.html"><code>lstat(2)</code></a>. The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, stats)</code> where
<code>stats</code> is a <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object. <code>lstat()</code> is identical to <code>stat()</code>,
except that if <code>path</code> is a symbolic link, then the link itself is stat-ed,
not the file that it refers to.</p>
<h2><code>fs.lstatSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_lstatsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_lstatsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.30</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.30</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/lstat.2.html"><code>lstat(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.mkdir(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_mkdir_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_mkdir_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>In <code>recursive</code> mode, the callback now receives the first created path as an argument.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.12.0</td>
<td><p>The second argument can now be an <code>options</code> object with <code>recursive</code> and <code>mode</code> properties.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.8</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.8</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Not supported on Windows. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o777</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously creates a directory.</p>
<p>The callback is given a possible exception and, if <code>recursive</code> is <code>true</code>, the
first directory path created, <code>(err, [path])</code>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be an integer specifying mode (permission
and sticky bits), or an object with a <code>mode</code> property and a <code>recursive</code>
property indicating whether parent directories should be created. Calling
<code>fs.mkdir()</code> when <code>path</code> is a directory that exists results in an error only
when <code>recursive</code> is false.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// Creates /tmp/a/apple, regardless of whether `/tmp` and /tmp/a exist.
fs.mkdir('/tmp/a/apple', { recursive: true }, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
});
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows, using <code>fs.mkdir()</code> on the root directory even with recursion will
result in an error:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.mkdir('/', { recursive: true }, (err) => {
// => [Error: EPERM: operation not permitted, mkdir 'C:\']
});
</code></pre>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mkdir.2.html"><code>mkdir(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.mkdirSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_mkdirsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_mkdirsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>In <code>recursive</code> mode, the first created path is returned now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.12.0</td>
<td><p>The second argument can now be an <code>options</code> object with <code>recursive</code> and <code>mode</code> properties.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Not supported on Windows. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o777</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously creates a directory. Returns <code>undefined</code>, or if <code>recursive</code> is
<code>true</code>, the first directory path created.
This is the synchronous version of <a href="#fs_fs_mkdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.mkdir()</code></a>.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mkdir.2.html"><code>mkdir(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.mkdtemp(prefix[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_mkdtemp_prefix_options_callback" id="fs_fs_mkdtemp_prefix_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.2.1</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is optional now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.10.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v5.10.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>prefix</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>directory</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a unique temporary directory.</p>
<p>Generates six random characters to be appended behind a required
<code>prefix</code> to create a unique temporary directory. Due to platform
inconsistencies, avoid trailing <code>X</code> characters in <code>prefix</code>. Some platforms,
notably the BSDs, can return more than six random characters, and replace
trailing <code>X</code> characters in <code>prefix</code> with random characters.</p>
<p>The created directory path is passed as a string to the callback's second
parameter.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'foo-'), (err, directory) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(directory);
// Prints: /tmp/foo-itXde2 or C:\Users\...\AppData\Local\Temp\foo-itXde2
});
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>fs.mkdtemp()</code> method will append the six randomly selected characters
directly to the <code>prefix</code> string. For instance, given a directory <code>/tmp</code>, if the
intention is to create a temporary directory <em>within</em> <code>/tmp</code>, the <code>prefix</code>
must end with a trailing platform-specific path separator
(<code>require('path').sep</code>).</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// The parent directory for the new temporary directory
const tmpDir = os.tmpdir();
// This method is *INCORRECT*:
fs.mkdtemp(tmpDir, (err, directory) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(directory);
// Will print something similar to `/tmpabc123`.
// A new temporary directory is created at the file system root
// rather than *within* the /tmp directory.
});
// This method is *CORRECT*:
const { sep } = require('path');
fs.mkdtemp(`${tmpDir}${sep}`, (err, directory) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(directory);
// Will print something similar to `/tmp/abc123`.
// A new temporary directory is created within
// the /tmp directory.
});
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.mkdtempSync(prefix[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_mkdtempsync_prefix_options" id="fs_fs_mkdtempsync_prefix_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v5.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>prefix</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the created directory path.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_mkdtemp_prefix_options_callback"><code>fs.mkdtemp()</code></a>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use.</p>
<h2><code>fs.open(path[, flags[, mode]], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_open_path_flags_mode_callback" id="fs_fs_open_path_flags_mode_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v11.1.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>flags</code> argument is now optional and defaults to <code>'r'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>as</code> and <code>as+</code> modes are supported now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.</li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code> (readable and writable)</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous file open. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/open.2.html"><code>open(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>mode</code> sets the file mode (permission and sticky bits), but only if the file was
created. On Windows, only the write permission can be manipulated; see
<a href="#fs_fs_chmod_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.chmod()</code></a>.</p>
<p>The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, fd)</code>.</p>
<p>Some characters (<code>< > : " / \ | ? *</code>) are reserved under Windows as documented
by <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file">Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces</a>. Under NTFS, if the filename contains
a colon, Node.js will open a file system stream, as described by
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/using-streams">this MSDN page</a>.</p>
<p>Functions based on <code>fs.open()</code> exhibit this behavior as well:
<code>fs.writeFile()</code>, <code>fs.readFile()</code>, etc.</p>
<h2><code>fs.opendir(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_opendir_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_opendir_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>bufferSize</code> option was introduced.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.12.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.12.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>bufferSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Number of directory entries that are buffered
internally when reading from the directory. Higher values lead to better
performance but higher memory usage. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>32</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>dir</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dir" class="type"><fs.Dir></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously open a directory. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html"><code>opendir(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>Creates an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dir"><code>fs.Dir</code></a>, which contains all further functions for reading from
and cleaning up the directory.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option sets the encoding for the <code>path</code> while opening the
directory and subsequent read operations.</p>
<h2><code>fs.opendirSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_opendirsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_opendirsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>bufferSize</code> option was introduced.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.12.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.12.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>bufferSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Number of directory entries that are buffered
internally when reading from the directory. Higher values lead to better
performance but higher memory usage. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>32</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dir" class="type"><fs.Dir></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously open a directory. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html"><code>opendir(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>Creates an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dir"><code>fs.Dir</code></a>, which contains all further functions for reading from
and cleaning up the directory.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option sets the encoding for the <code>path</code> while opening the
directory and subsequent read operations.</p>
<h2><code>fs.openSync(path[, flags, mode])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_opensync_path_flags_mode" id="fs_fs_opensync_path_flags_mode">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v11.1.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>flags</code> argument is now optional and defaults to <code>'r'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>as</code> and <code>as+</code> modes are supported now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.
See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns an integer representing the file descriptor.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_open_path_flags_mode_callback"><code>fs.open()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.read(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_read_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback" id="fs_fs_read_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code>, or a <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>length</code> parameter can now be <code>0</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>bytesRead</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Read data from the file specified by <code>fd</code>.</p>
<p><code>buffer</code> is the buffer that the data (read from the fd) will be written to.</p>
<p><code>offset</code> is the offset in the buffer to start writing at.</p>
<p><code>length</code> is an integer specifying the number of bytes to read.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is an argument specifying where to begin reading from in the file.
If <code>position</code> is <code>null</code>, data will be read from the current file position,
and the file position will be updated.
If <code>position</code> is an integer, the file position will remain unchanged.</p>
<p>The callback is given the three arguments, <code>(err, bytesRead, buffer)</code>.</p>
<p>If this method is invoked as its <a href="util.html#util_util_promisify_original"><code>util.promisify()</code></a>ed version, it returns
a <code>Promise</code> for an <code>Object</code> with <code>bytesRead</code> and <code>buffer</code> properties.</p>
<h2><code>fs.read(fd, [options,] callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_read_fd_options_callback" id="fs_fs_read_fd_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>Options object can be passed in to make Buffer, offset, length and position optional</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.17.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>Buffer.alloc(16384)</code></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>buffer.length</code></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>bytesRead</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Similar to the above <code>fs.read</code> function, this version takes an optional <code>options</code> object.
If no <code>options</code> object is specified, it will default with the above values.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readdir(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readdir_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_readdir_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>New option <code>withFileTypes</code> was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>options</code> parameter was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.8</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.8</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>withFileTypes</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>files</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer[]></a> | <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent[]></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a>. Reads the contents of a directory.
The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, files)</code> where <code>files</code> is an array of
the names of the files in the directory excluding <code>'.'</code> and <code>'..'</code>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the filenames passed to the callback. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the filenames returned will be passed as <code>Buffer</code> objects.</p>
<p>If <code>options.withFileTypes</code> is set to <code>true</code>, the <code>files</code> array will contain
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a> objects.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readdirSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readdirsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_readdirsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>New option <code>withFileTypes</code> was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>withFileTypes</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer[]></a> | <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dirent" class="type"><fs.Dirent[]></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html"><code>readdir(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the filenames returned. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the filenames returned will be passed as <code>Buffer</code> objects.</p>
<p>If <code>options.withFileTypes</code> is set to <code>true</code>, the result will contain
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a> objects.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readFile(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readfile_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_readfile_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.1.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> will always be called with <code>null</code> as the <code>error</code> parameter in case of success.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.29</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.29</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously reads the entire contents of a file.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});
</code></pre>
<p>The callback is passed two arguments <code>(err, data)</code>, where <code>data</code> is the
contents of the file.</p>
<p>If no encoding is specified, then the raw buffer is returned.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', 'utf8', callback);
</code></pre>
<p>When the path is a directory, the behavior of <code>fs.readFile()</code> and
<a href="#fs_fs_readfilesync_path_options"><code>fs.readFileSync()</code></a> is platform-specific. On macOS, Linux, and Windows, an
error will be returned. On FreeBSD, a representation of the directory's contents
will be returned.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// macOS, Linux, and Windows
fs.readFile('<directory>', (err, data) => {
// => [Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, read <directory>]
});
// FreeBSD
fs.readFile('<directory>', (err, data) => {
// => null, <data>
});
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>fs.readFile()</code> function buffers the entire file. To minimize memory costs,
when possible prefer streaming via <code>fs.createReadStream()</code>.</p>
<h3>File descriptors<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_descriptors_1" id="fs_file_descriptors_1">#</a></span></h3>
<ol>
<li>Any specified file descriptor has to support reading.</li>
<li>If a file descriptor is specified as the <code>path</code>, it will not be closed
automatically.</li>
<li>The reading will begin at the current position. For example, if the file
already had <code>'Hello World</code>' and six bytes are read with the file descriptor,
the call to <code>fs.readFile()</code> with the same file descriptor, would give
<code>'World'</code>, rather than <code>'Hello World'</code>.</li>
</ol>
<h2><code>fs.readFileSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readfilesync_path_options" id="fs_fs_readfilesync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.8</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.8</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the contents of the <code>path</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_readfile_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readFile()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If the <code>encoding</code> option is specified then this function returns a
string. Otherwise it returns a buffer.</p>
<p>Similar to <a href="#fs_fs_readfile_path_options_callback"><code>fs.readFile()</code></a>, when the path is a directory, the behavior of
<code>fs.readFileSync()</code> is platform-specific.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// macOS, Linux, and Windows
fs.readFileSync('<directory>');
// => [Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, read <directory>]
// FreeBSD
fs.readFileSync('<directory>'); // => <data>
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.readlink(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readlink_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_readlink_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>linkString</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/readlink.2.html"><code>readlink(2)</code></a>. The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, linkString)</code>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the link path passed to the callback. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the link path returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readlinkSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readlinksync_path_options" id="fs_fs_readlinksync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/readlink.2.html"><code>readlink(2)</code></a>. Returns the symbolic link's string value.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the link path returned. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the link path returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readSync(fd, buffer, offset, length, position)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position" id="fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code> or a <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>length</code> parameter can now be <code>0</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the number of <code>bytesRead</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_read_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback"><code>fs.read()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readSync(fd, buffer, [options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_options" id="fs_fs_readsync_fd_buffer_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>Options object can be passed in to make offset, length and position optional</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.17.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.17.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>buffer.length</code></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the number of <code>bytesRead</code>.</p>
<p>Similar to the above <code>fs.readSync</code> function, this version takes an optional <code>options</code> object.
If no <code>options</code> object is specified, it will default with the above values.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_read_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback"><code>fs.read()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readv(fd, buffers[, position], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readv_fd_buffers_position_callback" id="fs_fs_readv_fd_buffers_position_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>bytesRead</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Read from a file specified by <code>fd</code> and write to an array of <code>ArrayBufferView</code>s
using <code>readv()</code>.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is the offset from the beginning of the file from where data
should be read. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be read
from the current position.</p>
<p>The callback will be given three arguments: <code>err</code>, <code>bytesRead</code>, and
<code>buffers</code>. <code>bytesRead</code> is how many bytes were read from the file.</p>
<p>If this method is invoked as its <a href="util.html#util_util_promisify_original"><code>util.promisify()</code></a>ed version, it returns
a <code>Promise</code> for an <code>Object</code> with <code>bytesRead</code> and <code>buffers</code> properties.</p>
<h2><code>fs.readvSync(fd, buffers[, position])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_readvsync_fd_buffers_position" id="fs_fs_readvsync_fd_buffers_position">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of bytes read.</li>
</ul>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_readv_fd_buffers_position_callback"><code>fs.readv()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.realpath(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_realpath_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_realpath_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>Pipe/Socket resolve support was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.4.0</td>
<td><p>Calling <code>realpath</code> now works again for various edge cases on Windows.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>cache</code> parameter was removed.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>resolvedPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously computes the canonical pathname by resolving <code>.</code>, <code>..</code> and
symbolic links.</p>
<p>A canonical pathname is not necessarily unique. Hard links and bind mounts can
expose a file system entity through many pathnames.</p>
<p>This function behaves like <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/realpath.3.html"><code>realpath(3)</code></a>, with some exceptions:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>No case conversion is performed on case-insensitive file systems.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The maximum number of symbolic links is platform-independent and generally
(much) higher than what the native <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/realpath.3.html"><code>realpath(3)</code></a> implementation supports.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The <code>callback</code> gets two arguments <code>(err, resolvedPath)</code>. May use <code>process.cwd</code>
to resolve relative paths.</p>
<p>Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the path passed to the callback. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the path returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<p>If <code>path</code> resolves to a socket or a pipe, the function will return a system
dependent name for that object.</p>
<h2><code>fs.realpath.native(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_realpath_native_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_realpath_native_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.2.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>resolvedPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/realpath.3.html"><code>realpath(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>The <code>callback</code> gets two arguments <code>(err, resolvedPath)</code>.</p>
<p>Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the path passed to the callback. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the path returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<p>On Linux, when Node.js is linked against musl libc, the procfs file system must
be mounted on <code>/proc</code> in order for this function to work. Glibc does not have
this restriction.</p>
<h2><code>fs.realpathSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_realpathsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_realpathsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>Pipe/Socket resolve support was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.4.0</td>
<td><p>Calling <code>realpathSync</code> now works again for various edge cases on Windows.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>cache</code> parameter was removed.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the resolved pathname.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_realpath_path_options_callback"><code>fs.realpath()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.realpathSync.native(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_realpathsync_native_path_options" id="fs_fs_realpathsync_native_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.2.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/realpath.3.html"><code>realpath(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the path returned. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>,
the path returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<p>On Linux, when Node.js is linked against musl libc, the procfs file system must
be mounted on <code>/proc</code> in order for this function to work. Glibc does not have
this restriction.</p>
<h2><code>fs.rename(oldPath, newPath, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_rename_oldpath_newpath_callback" id="fs_fs_rename_oldpath_newpath_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oldPath</code> and <code>newPath</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>oldPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously rename file at <code>oldPath</code> to the pathname provided
as <code>newPath</code>. In the case that <code>newPath</code> already exists, it will
be overwritten. If there is a directory at <code>newPath</code>, an error will
be raised instead. No arguments other than a possible exception are
given to the completion callback.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rename.2.html"><code>rename(2)</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.rename('oldFile.txt', 'newFile.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Rename complete!');
});
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.renameSync(oldPath, newPath)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_renamesync_oldpath_newpath" id="fs_fs_renamesync_oldpath_newpath">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oldPath</code> and <code>newPath</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>oldPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rename.2.html"><code>rename(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.rmdir(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_rmdir_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_rmdir_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>maxBusyTries</code> option is renamed to <code>maxRetries</code>, and its default is 0. The <code>emfileWait</code> option has been removed, and <code>EMFILE</code> errors use the same retry logic as other errors. The <code>retryDelay</code> option is now supported. <code>ENFILE</code> errors are now retried.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>recursive</code>, <code>maxBusyTries</code>, and <code>emfileWait</code> options are now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameters can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 1</a> - Recursive removal is experimental.</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>maxRetries</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> If an <code>EBUSY</code>, <code>EMFILE</code>, <code>ENFILE</code>, <code>ENOTEMPTY</code>, or
<code>EPERM</code> error is encountered, Node.js will retry the operation with a linear
backoff wait of <code>retryDelay</code> ms longer on each try. This option represents the
number of retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not
<code>true</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> If <code>true</code>, perform a recursive directory removal. In
recursive mode, errors are not reported if <code>path</code> does not exist, and
operations are retried on failure. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>retryDelay</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The amount of time in milliseconds to wait between
retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not <code>true</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>100</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rmdir.2.html"><code>rmdir(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given
to the completion callback.</p>
<p>Using <code>fs.rmdir()</code> on a file (not a directory) results in an <code>ENOENT</code> error on
Windows and an <code>ENOTDIR</code> error on POSIX.</p>
<h2><code>fs.rmdirSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_rmdirsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_rmdirsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>maxBusyTries</code> option is renamed to <code>maxRetries</code>, and its default is 0. The <code>emfileWait</code> option has been removed, and <code>EMFILE</code> errors use the same retry logic as other errors. The <code>retryDelay</code> option is now supported. <code>ENFILE</code> errors are now retried.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>recursive</code>, <code>maxBusyTries</code>, and <code>emfileWait</code> options are now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameters can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 1</a> - Recursive removal is experimental.</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>maxRetries</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> If an <code>EBUSY</code>, <code>EMFILE</code>, <code>ENFILE</code>, <code>ENOTEMPTY</code>, or
<code>EPERM</code> error is encountered, Node.js will retry the operation with a linear
backoff wait of <code>retryDelay</code> ms longer on each try. This option represents the
number of retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not
<code>true</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> If <code>true</code>, perform a recursive directory removal. In
recursive mode, errors are not reported if <code>path</code> does not exist, and
operations are retried on failure. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>retryDelay</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The amount of time in milliseconds to wait between
retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not <code>true</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>100</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rmdir.2.html"><code>rmdir(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>Using <code>fs.rmdirSync()</code> on a file (not a directory) results in an <code>ENOENT</code> error
on Windows and an <code>ENOTDIR</code> error on POSIX.</p>
<h2><code>fs.stat(path[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback" id="fs_fs_stat_path_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>stats</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/stat.2.html"><code>stat(2)</code></a>. The callback gets two arguments <code>(err, stats)</code> where
<code>stats</code> is an <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object.</p>
<p>In case of an error, the <code>err.code</code> will be one of <a href="errors.html#errors_common_system_errors">Common System Errors</a>.</p>
<p>Using <code>fs.stat()</code> to check for the existence of a file before calling
<code>fs.open()</code>, <code>fs.readFile()</code> or <code>fs.writeFile()</code> is not recommended.
Instead, user code should open/read/write the file directly and handle the
error raised if the file is not available.</p>
<p>To check if a file exists without manipulating it afterwards, <a href="#fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.access()</code></a>
is recommended.</p>
<p>For example, given the following directory structure:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">- txtDir
-- file.txt
- app.js
</code></pre>
<p>The next program will check for the stats of the given paths:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const pathsToCheck = ['./txtDir', './txtDir/file.txt'];
for (let i = 0; i < pathsToCheck.length; i++) {
fs.stat(pathsToCheck[i], function(err, stats) {
console.log(stats.isDirectory());
console.log(stats);
});
}
</code></pre>
<p>The resulting output will resemble:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">true
Stats {
dev: 16777220,
mode: 16877,
nlink: 3,
uid: 501,
gid: 20,
rdev: 0,
blksize: 4096,
ino: 14214262,
size: 96,
blocks: 0,
atimeMs: 1561174653071.963,
mtimeMs: 1561174614583.3518,
ctimeMs: 1561174626623.5366,
birthtimeMs: 1561174126937.2893,
atime: 2019-06-22T03:37:33.072Z,
mtime: 2019-06-22T03:36:54.583Z,
ctime: 2019-06-22T03:37:06.624Z,
birthtime: 2019-06-22T03:28:46.937Z
}
false
Stats {
dev: 16777220,
mode: 33188,
nlink: 1,
uid: 501,
gid: 20,
rdev: 0,
blksize: 4096,
ino: 14214074,
size: 8,
blocks: 8,
atimeMs: 1561174616618.8555,
mtimeMs: 1561174614584,
ctimeMs: 1561174614583.8145,
birthtimeMs: 1561174007710.7478,
atime: 2019-06-22T03:36:56.619Z,
mtime: 2019-06-22T03:36:54.584Z,
ctime: 2019-06-22T03:36:54.584Z,
birthtime: 2019-06-22T03:26:47.711Z
}
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.statSync(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_statsync_path_options" id="fs_fs_statsync_path_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/stat.2.html"><code>stat(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.symlink(target, path[, type], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_symlink_target_path_type_callback" id="fs_fs_symlink_target_path_type_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>If the <code>type</code> argument is left undefined, Node will autodetect <code>target</code> type and automatically select <code>dir</code> or <code>file</code></p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>target</code> and <code>path</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>target</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>type</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/symlink.2.html"><code>symlink(2)</code></a> which creates the link called <code>path</code> pointing to
<code>target</code>. No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the
completion callback.</p>
<p>The <code>type</code> argument is only available on Windows and ignored on other platforms.
It can be set to <code>'dir'</code>, <code>'file'</code>, or <code>'junction'</code>. If the <code>type</code> argument is
not set, Node.js will autodetect <code>target</code> type and use <code>'file'</code> or <code>'dir'</code>. If
the <code>target</code> does not exist, <code>'file'</code> will be used. Windows junction points
require the destination path to be absolute. When using <code>'junction'</code>, the
<code>target</code> argument will automatically be normalized to absolute path.</p>
<p>Relative targets are relative to the link’s parent directory.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.symlink('./mew', './example/mewtwo', callback);
</code></pre>
<p>The above example creates a symbolic link <code>mewtwo</code> in the <code>example</code> which points
to <code>mew</code> in the same directory:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ tree example/
example/
├── mew
└── mewtwo -> ./mew
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.symlinkSync(target, path[, type])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_symlinksync_target_path_type" id="fs_fs_symlinksync_target_path_type">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>If the <code>type</code> argument is left undefined, Node will autodetect <code>target</code> type and automatically select <code>dir</code> or <code>file</code></p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>target</code> and <code>path</code> parameters can be WHATWG <code>URL</code> objects using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>target</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>type</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_symlink_target_path_type_callback"><code>fs.symlink()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.truncate(path[, len], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_truncate_path_len_callback" id="fs_fs_truncate_path_len_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.8.6</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.8.6</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/truncate.2.html"><code>truncate(2)</code></a>. No arguments other than a possible exception are
given to the completion callback. A file descriptor can also be passed as the
first argument. In this case, <code>fs.ftruncate()</code> is called.</p>
<p>Passing a file descriptor is deprecated and may result in an error being thrown
in the future.</p>
<h2><code>fs.truncateSync(path[, len])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_truncatesync_path_len" id="fs_fs_truncatesync_path_len">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.8.6</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/truncate.2.html"><code>truncate(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>. A file descriptor can also be
passed as the first argument. In this case, <code>fs.ftruncateSync()</code> is called.</p>
<p>Passing a file descriptor is deprecated and may result in an error being thrown
in the future.</p>
<h2><code>fs.unlink(path, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_unlink_path_callback" id="fs_fs_unlink_path_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously removes a file or symbolic link. No arguments other than a
possible exception are given to the completion callback.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// Assuming that 'path/file.txt' is a regular file.
fs.unlink('path/file.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('path/file.txt was deleted');
});
</code></pre>
<p><code>fs.unlink()</code> will not work on a directory, empty or otherwise. To remove a
directory, use <a href="#fs_fs_rmdir_path_options_callback"><code>fs.rmdir()</code></a>.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/unlink.2.html"><code>unlink(2)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.unlinkSync(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_unlinksync_path" id="fs_fs_unlinksync_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/unlink.2.html"><code>unlink(2)</code></a>. Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.unwatchFile(filename[, listener])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_unwatchfile_filename_listener" id="fs_fs_unwatchfile_filename_listener">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.31</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>filename</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>listener</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Optional, a listener previously attached using
<code>fs.watchFile()</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Stop watching for changes on <code>filename</code>. If <code>listener</code> is specified, only that
particular listener is removed. Otherwise, <em>all</em> listeners are removed,
effectively stopping watching of <code>filename</code>.</p>
<p>Calling <code>fs.unwatchFile()</code> with a filename that is not being watched is a
no-op, not an error.</p>
<p>Using <a href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watch()</code></a> is more efficient than <code>fs.watchFile()</code> and
<code>fs.unwatchFile()</code>. <code>fs.watch()</code> should be used instead of <code>fs.watchFile()</code>
and <code>fs.unwatchFile()</code> when possible.</p>
<h2><code>fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_utimes_path_atime_mtime_callback" id="fs_fs_utimes_path_atime_mtime_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p><code>NaN</code>, <code>Infinity</code>, and <code>-Infinity</code> are no longer valid time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v4.1.0</td>
<td><p>Numeric strings, <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code> are now allowed time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Change the file system timestamps of the object referenced by <code>path</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>atime</code> and <code>mtime</code> arguments follow these rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>Values can be either numbers representing Unix epoch time in seconds,
<code>Date</code>s, or a numeric string like <code>'123456789.0'</code>.</li>
<li>If the value can not be converted to a number, or is <code>NaN</code>, <code>Infinity</code> or
<code>-Infinity</code>, an <code>Error</code> will be thrown.</li>
</ul>
<h2><code>fs.utimesSync(path, atime, mtime)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_utimessync_path_atime_mtime" id="fs_fs_utimessync_path_atime_mtime">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p><code>NaN</code>, <code>Infinity</code>, and <code>-Infinity</code> are no longer valid time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>path</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v4.1.0</td>
<td><p>Numeric strings, <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code> are now allowed time specifiers.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.4.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.4.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_utimes_path_atime_mtime_callback"><code>fs.utimes()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.watch(filename[, options][, listener])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener" id="fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>filename</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The passed <code>options</code> object will never be modified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.5.10</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.5.10</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>filename</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>persistent</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Indicates whether the process should continue to run
as long as files are being watched. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Indicates whether all subdirectories should be
watched, or only the current directory. This applies when a directory is
specified, and only on supported platforms (See <a href="#fs_caveats">Caveats</a>). <strong>Default:</strong>
<code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Specifies the character encoding to be used for the
filename passed to the listener. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>listener</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>undefined</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>eventType</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>filename</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_fswatcher" class="type"><fs.FSWatcher></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Watch for changes on <code>filename</code>, where <code>filename</code> is either a file or a
directory.</p>
<p>The second argument is optional. If <code>options</code> is provided as a string, it
specifies the <code>encoding</code>. Otherwise <code>options</code> should be passed as an object.</p>
<p>The listener callback gets two arguments <code>(eventType, filename)</code>. <code>eventType</code>
is either <code>'rename'</code> or <code>'change'</code>, and <code>filename</code> is the name of the file
which triggered the event.</p>
<p>On most platforms, <code>'rename'</code> is emitted whenever a filename appears or
disappears in the directory.</p>
<p>The listener callback is attached to the <code>'change'</code> event fired by
<a href="#fs_class_fs_fswatcher"><code>fs.FSWatcher</code></a>, but it is not the same thing as the <code>'change'</code> value of
<code>eventType</code>.</p>
<h3>Caveats<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_caveats" id="fs_caveats">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The <code>fs.watch</code> API is not 100% consistent across platforms, and is
unavailable in some situations.</p>
<p>The recursive option is only supported on macOS and Windows.</p>
<p>On Windows, no events will be emitted if the watched directory is moved or
renamed. An <code>EPERM</code> error is reported when the watched directory is deleted.</p>
<h4>Availability<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_availability" id="fs_availability">#</a></span></h4>
<p>This feature depends on the underlying operating system providing a way
to be notified of filesystem changes.</p>
<ul>
<li>On Linux systems, this uses <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/inotify.7.html"><code>inotify(7)</code></a>.</li>
<li>On BSD systems, this uses <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2"><code>kqueue(2)</code></a>.</li>
<li>On macOS, this uses <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2"><code>kqueue(2)</code></a> for files and <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices/file_system_events"><code>FSEvents</code></a> for
directories.</li>
<li>On SunOS systems (including Solaris and SmartOS), this uses <a href="https://illumos.org/man/port_create"><code>event ports</code></a>.</li>
<li>On Windows systems, this feature depends on <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/winbase/nf-winbase-readdirectorychangesw"><code>ReadDirectoryChangesW</code></a>.</li>
<li>On Aix systems, this feature depends on <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-aix_event_infrastructure/"><code>AHAFS</code></a>, which must be enabled.</li>
</ul>
<p>If the underlying functionality is not available for some reason, then
<code>fs.watch()</code> will not be able to function and may thrown an exception.
For example, watching files or directories can be unreliable, and in some
cases impossible, on network file systems (NFS, SMB, etc) or host file systems
when using virtualization software such as Vagrant or Docker.</p>
<p>It is still possible to use <code>fs.watchFile()</code>, which uses stat polling, but
this method is slower and less reliable.</p>
<h4>Inodes<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_inodes" id="fs_inodes">#</a></span></h4>
<p>On Linux and macOS systems, <code>fs.watch()</code> resolves the path to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode">inode</a> and
watches the inode. If the watched path is deleted and recreated, it is assigned
a new inode. The watch will emit an event for the delete but will continue
watching the <em>original</em> inode. Events for the new inode will not be emitted.
This is expected behavior.</p>
<p>AIX files retain the same inode for the lifetime of a file. Saving and closing a
watched file on AIX will result in two notifications (one for adding new
content, and one for truncation).</p>
<h4>Filename argument<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filename_argument" id="fs_filename_argument">#</a></span></h4>
<p>Providing <code>filename</code> argument in the callback is only supported on Linux,
macOS, Windows, and AIX. Even on supported platforms, <code>filename</code> is not always
guaranteed to be provided. Therefore, don't assume that <code>filename</code> argument is
always provided in the callback, and have some fallback logic if it is <code>null</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.watch('somedir', (eventType, filename) => {
console.log(`event type is: ${eventType}`);
if (filename) {
console.log(`filename provided: ${filename}`);
} else {
console.log('filename not provided');
}
});
</code></pre>
<h2><code>fs.watchFile(filename[, options], listener)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_watchfile_filename_options_listener" id="fs_fs_watchfile_filename_options_listener">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>bigint</code> option is now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>filename</code> parameter can be a WHATWG <code>URL</code> object using <code>file:</code> protocol. Support is currently still <em>experimental</em>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.31</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.31</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>filename</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>persistent</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code></li>
<li><code>interval</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>5007</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>listener</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>current</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
<li><code>previous</code> <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_stats" class="type"><fs.Stats></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Watch for changes on <code>filename</code>. The callback <code>listener</code> will be called each
time the file is accessed.</p>
<p>The <code>options</code> argument may be omitted. If provided, it should be an object. The
<code>options</code> object may contain a boolean named <code>persistent</code> that indicates
whether the process should continue to run as long as files are being watched.
The <code>options</code> object may specify an <code>interval</code> property indicating how often the
target should be polled in milliseconds.</p>
<p>The <code>listener</code> gets two arguments the current stat object and the previous
stat object:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.watchFile('message.text', (curr, prev) => {
console.log(`the current mtime is: ${curr.mtime}`);
console.log(`the previous mtime was: ${prev.mtime}`);
});
</code></pre>
<p>These stat objects are instances of <code>fs.Stat</code>. If the <code>bigint</code> option is <code>true</code>,
the numeric values in these objects are specified as <code>BigInt</code>s.</p>
<p>To be notified when the file was modified, not just accessed, it is necessary
to compare <code>curr.mtime</code> and <code>prev.mtime</code>.</p>
<p>When an <code>fs.watchFile</code> operation results in an <code>ENOENT</code> error, it
will invoke the listener once, with all the fields zeroed (or, for dates, the
Unix Epoch). If the file is created later on, the listener will be called
again, with the latest stat objects. This is a change in functionality since
v0.10.</p>
<p>Using <a href="#fs_fs_watch_filename_options_listener"><code>fs.watch()</code></a> is more efficient than <code>fs.watchFile</code> and
<code>fs.unwatchFile</code>. <code>fs.watch</code> should be used instead of <code>fs.watchFile</code> and
<code>fs.unwatchFile</code> when possible.</p>
<p>When a file being watched by <code>fs.watchFile()</code> disappears and reappears,
then the <code>previousStat</code> reported in the second callback event (the file's
reappearance) will be the same as the <code>previousStat</code> of the first callback
event (its disappearance).</p>
<p>This happens when:</p>
<ul>
<li>the file is deleted, followed by a restore</li>
<li>the file is renamed and then renamed a second time back to its original name</li>
</ul>
<h2><code>fs.write(fd, buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_write_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback" id="fs_fs_write_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code> or a <code>DataView</code></p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>offset</code> and <code>length</code> parameters are optional now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.0.2</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.0.2</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>bytesWritten</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Write <code>buffer</code> to the file specified by <code>fd</code>.</p>
<p><code>offset</code> determines the part of the buffer to be written, and <code>length</code> is
an integer specifying the number of bytes to write.</p>
<p><code>position</code> refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be written
at the current position. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pwrite.2.html"><code>pwrite(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p>The callback will be given three arguments <code>(err, bytesWritten, buffer)</code> where
<code>bytesWritten</code> specifies how many <em>bytes</em> were written from <code>buffer</code>.</p>
<p>If this method is invoked as its <a href="util.html#util_util_promisify_original"><code>util.promisify()</code></a>ed version, it returns
a <code>Promise</code> for an <code>Object</code> with <code>bytesWritten</code> and <code>buffer</code> properties.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>fs.write()</code> multiple times on the same file without waiting
for the callback. For this scenario, <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a> is
recommended.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<h2><code>fs.write(fd, string[, position[, encoding]], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_write_fd_string_position_encoding_callback" id="fs_fs_write_fd_string_position_encoding_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>position</code> parameter is optional now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.5</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.5</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>string</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>written</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>string</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Write <code>string</code> to the file specified by <code>fd</code>. If <code>string</code> is not a string, then
the value will be coerced to one.</p>
<p><code>position</code> refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code> the data will be written at
the current position. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pwrite.2.html"><code>pwrite(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>encoding</code> is the expected string encoding.</p>
<p>The callback will receive the arguments <code>(err, written, string)</code> where <code>written</code>
specifies how many <em>bytes</em> the passed string required to be written. Bytes
written is not necessarily the same as string characters written. See
<a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_method_buffer_bytelength_string_encoding"><code>Buffer.byteLength</code></a>.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>fs.write()</code> multiple times on the same file without waiting
for the callback. For this scenario, <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a> is
recommended.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<p>On Windows, if the file descriptor is connected to the console (e.g. <code>fd == 1</code>
or <code>stdout</code>) a string containing non-ASCII characters will not be rendered
properly by default, regardless of the encoding used.
It is possible to configure the console to render UTF-8 properly by changing the
active codepage with the <code>chcp 65001</code> command. See the <a href="https://ss64.com/nt/chcp.html">chcp</a> docs for more
details.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writeFile(file, data[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writefile_file_data_options_callback" id="fs_fs_writefile_file_data_options_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>data</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code> or a <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will throw a <code>TypeError</code> at runtime.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>data</code> parameter can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> parameter is no longer optional. Not passing it will emit a deprecation warning with id DEP0013.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>file</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.29</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.29</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>file</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'w'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>When <code>file</code> is a filename, asynchronously writes data to the file, replacing the
file if it already exists. <code>data</code> can be a string or a buffer.</p>
<p>When <code>file</code> is a file descriptor, the behavior is similar to calling
<code>fs.write()</code> directly (which is recommended). See the notes below on using
a file descriptor.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option is ignored if <code>data</code> is a buffer.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const data = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from('Hello Node.js'));
fs.writeFile('message.txt', data, (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('The file has been saved!');
});
</code></pre>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.writeFile('message.txt', 'Hello Node.js', 'utf8', callback);
</code></pre>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>fs.writeFile()</code> multiple times on the same file without
waiting for the callback. For this scenario, <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a> is
recommended.</p>
<h3>Using <code>fs.writeFile()</code> with file descriptors<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_using_fs_writefile_with_file_descriptors" id="fs_using_fs_writefile_with_file_descriptors">#</a></span></h3>
<p>When <code>file</code> is a file descriptor, the behavior is almost identical to directly
calling <code>fs.write()</code> like:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fs.write(fd, Buffer.from(data, options.encoding), callback);
</code></pre>
<p>The difference from directly calling <code>fs.write()</code> is that under some unusual
conditions, <code>fs.write()</code> may write only part of the buffer and will need to be
retried to write the remaining data, whereas <code>fs.writeFile()</code> will retry until
the data is entirely written (or an error occurs).</p>
<p>The implications of this are a common source of confusion. In
the file descriptor case, the file is not replaced! The data is not necessarily
written to the beginning of the file, and the file's original data may remain
before and/or after the newly written data.</p>
<p>For example, if <code>fs.writeFile()</code> is called twice in a row, first to write the
string <code>'Hello'</code>, then to write the string <code>', World'</code>, the file would contain
<code>'Hello, World'</code>, and might contain some of the file's original data (depending
on the size of the original file, and the position of the file descriptor). If
a file name had been used instead of a descriptor, the file would be guaranteed
to contain only <code>', World'</code>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writeFileSync(file, data[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writefilesync_file_data_options" id="fs_fs_writefilesync_file_data_options">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>data</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code> or a <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>data</code> parameter can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v5.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>file</code> parameter can be a file descriptor now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.29</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.29</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>file</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> filename or file descriptor</li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'w'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>undefined</code>.</p>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_writefile_file_data_options_callback"><code>fs.writeFile()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writeSync(fd, buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writesync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position" id="fs_fs_writesync_fd_buffer_offset_length_position">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be any <code>TypedArray</code> or a <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>offset</code> and <code>length</code> parameters are optional now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.21</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.21</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of bytes written.</li>
</ul>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_write_fd_buffer_offset_length_position_callback"><code>fs.write(fd, buffer...)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writeSync(fd, string[, position[, encoding]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writesync_fd_string_position_encoding" id="fs_fs_writesync_fd_string_position_encoding">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>position</code> parameter is optional now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.5</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.5</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>string</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of bytes written.</li>
</ul>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_write_fd_string_position_encoding_callback"><code>fs.write(fd, string...)</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writev(fd, buffers[, position], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writev_fd_buffers_position_callback" id="fs_fs_writev_fd_buffers_position_callback">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>bytesWritten</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Write an array of <code>ArrayBufferView</code>s to the file specified by <code>fd</code> using
<code>writev()</code>.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be written
at the current position.</p>
<p>The callback will be given three arguments: <code>err</code>, <code>bytesWritten</code>, and
<code>buffers</code>. <code>bytesWritten</code> is how many bytes were written from <code>buffers</code>.</p>
<p>If this method is <a href="util.html#util_util_promisify_original"><code>util.promisify()</code></a>ed, it returns a <code>Promise</code> for an
<code>Object</code> with <code>bytesWritten</code> and <code>buffers</code> properties.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>fs.writev()</code> multiple times on the same file without
waiting for the callback. For this scenario, use <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a>.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<h2><code>fs.writevSync(fd, buffers[, position])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_writevsync_fd_buffers_position" id="fs_fs_writevsync_fd_buffers_position">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>fd</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of bytes written.</li>
</ul>
<p>For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
this API: <a href="#fs_fs_writev_fd_buffers_position_callback"><code>fs.writev()</code></a>.</p>
<h2><code>fs</code> Promises API<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_promises_api" id="fs_fs_promises_api">#</a></span></h2>
<p>The <code>fs.promises</code> API provides an alternative set of asynchronous file system
methods that return <code>Promise</code> objects rather than using callbacks. The
API is accessible via <code>require('fs').promises</code>.</p>
<h3>Class: <code>FileHandle</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_class_filehandle" id="fs_class_filehandle">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<p>A <code>FileHandle</code> object is a wrapper for a numeric file descriptor.
Instances of <code>FileHandle</code> are distinct from numeric file descriptors
in that they provide an object oriented API for working with files.</p>
<p>If a <code>FileHandle</code> is not closed using the
<code>filehandle.close()</code> method, it might automatically close the file descriptor
and will emit a process warning, thereby helping to prevent memory leaks.
Please do not rely on this behavior because it is unreliable and
the file may not be closed. Instead, always explicitly close <code>FileHandle</code>s.
Node.js may change this behavior in the future.</p>
<p>Instances of the <code>FileHandle</code> object are created internally by the
<code>fsPromises.open()</code> method.</p>
<p>Unlike the callback-based API (<code>fs.fstat()</code>, <code>fs.fchown()</code>, <code>fs.fchmod()</code>, and
so on), a numeric file descriptor is not used by the promise-based API. Instead,
the promise-based API uses the <code>FileHandle</code> class in order to help avoid
accidental leaking of unclosed file descriptors after a <code>Promise</code> is resolved or
rejected.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.appendFile(data, options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_appendfile_data_options" id="fs_filehandle_appendfile_data_options">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Alias of <a href="#fs_filehandle_writefile_data_options"><code>filehandle.writeFile()</code></a>.</p>
<p>When operating on file handles, the mode cannot be changed from what it was set
to with <a href="#fs_fspromises_open_path_flags_mode"><code>fsPromises.open()</code></a>. Therefore, this is equivalent to
<a href="#fs_filehandle_writefile_data_options"><code>filehandle.writeFile()</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.chmod(mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_chmod_mode" id="fs_filehandle_chmod_mode">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Modifies the permissions on the file. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no
arguments upon success.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.chown(uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_chown_uid_gid" id="fs_filehandle_chown_uid_gid">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Changes the ownership of the file then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments
upon success.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.close()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_close" id="fs_filehandle_close">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> A <code>Promise</code> that will be resolved once the underlying
file descriptor is closed, or will be rejected if an error occurs while
closing.</li>
</ul>
<p>Closes the file descriptor.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fsPromises = require('fs').promises;
async function openAndClose() {
let filehandle;
try {
filehandle = await fsPromises.open('thefile.txt', 'r');
} finally {
if (filehandle !== undefined)
await filehandle.close();
}
}
</code></pre>
<h4><code>filehandle.datasync()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_datasync" id="fs_filehandle_datasync">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fdatasync.2.html"><code>fdatasync(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no arguments upon
success.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.fd</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_fd" id="fs_filehandle_fd">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The numeric file descriptor managed by the <code>FileHandle</code> object.</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>filehandle.read(buffer, offset, length, position)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_read_buffer_offset_length_position" id="fs_filehandle_read_buffer_offset_length_position">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Read data from the file.</p>
<p><code>buffer</code> is the buffer that the data will be written to.</p>
<p><code>offset</code> is the offset in the buffer to start writing at.</p>
<p><code>length</code> is an integer specifying the number of bytes to read.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is an argument specifying where to begin reading from in the file.
If <code>position</code> is <code>null</code>, data will be read from the current file position,
and the file position will be updated.
If <code>position</code> is an integer, the file position will remain unchanged.</p>
<p>Following successful read, the <code>Promise</code> is resolved with an object with a
<code>bytesRead</code> property specifying the number of bytes read, and a <code>buffer</code>
property that is a reference to the passed in <code>buffer</code> argument.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.read(options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_read_options" id="fs_filehandle_read_options">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>Buffer.alloc(16384)</code></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>buffer.length</code></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>filehandle.readFile(options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_readfile_options" id="fs_filehandle_readfile_options">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously reads the entire contents of a file.</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the contents of the file. If no encoding is
specified (using <code>options.encoding</code>), the data is returned as a <code>Buffer</code>
object. Otherwise, the data will be a string.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<p>The <code>FileHandle</code> has to support reading.</p>
<p>If one or more <code>filehandle.read()</code> calls are made on a file handle and then a
<code>filehandle.readFile()</code> call is made, the data will be read from the current
position till the end of the file. It doesn't always read from the beginning
of the file.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.readv(buffers[, position])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_readv_buffers_position" id="fs_filehandle_readv_buffers_position">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Read from a file and write to an array of <code>ArrayBufferView</code>s</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with an object containing a <code>bytesRead</code> property
identifying the number of bytes read, and a <code>buffers</code> property containing
a reference to the <code>buffers</code> input.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be read from. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be read
from the current position.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.stat([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_stat_options" id="fs_filehandle_stat_options">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Retrieves the <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> for the file.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.sync()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_sync" id="fs_filehandle_sync">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fsync.2.html"><code>fsync(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no arguments upon
success.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.truncate(len)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_truncate_len" id="fs_filehandle_truncate_len">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Truncates the file then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>If the file was larger than <code>len</code> bytes, only the first <code>len</code> bytes will be
retained in the file.</p>
<p>For example, the following program retains only the first four bytes of the
file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const fsPromises = fs.promises;
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
// Prints: Node.js
async function doTruncate() {
let filehandle = null;
try {
filehandle = await fsPromises.open('temp.txt', 'r+');
await filehandle.truncate(4);
} finally {
if (filehandle) {
// Close the file if it is opened.
await filehandle.close();
}
}
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8')); // Prints: Node
}
doTruncate().catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<p>If the file previously was shorter than <code>len</code> bytes, it is extended, and the
extended part is filled with null bytes (<code>'\0'</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const fsPromises = fs.promises;
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
// Prints: Node.js
async function doTruncate() {
let filehandle = null;
try {
filehandle = await fsPromises.open('temp.txt', 'r+');
await filehandle.truncate(10);
} finally {
if (filehandle) {
// Close the file if it is opened.
await filehandle.close();
}
}
console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8')); // Prints Node.js\0\0\0
}
doTruncate().catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<p>The last three bytes are null bytes (<code>'\0'</code>), to compensate the over-truncation.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.utimes(atime, mtime)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_utimes_atime_mtime" id="fs_filehandle_utimes_atime_mtime">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Change the file system timestamps of the object referenced by the <code>FileHandle</code>
then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>This function does not work on AIX versions before 7.1, it will resolve the
<code>Promise</code> with an error using code <code>UV_ENOSYS</code>.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.write(buffer[, offset[, length[, position]]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_write_buffer_offset_length_position" id="fs_filehandle_write_buffer_offset_length_position">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a></li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>length</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Write <code>buffer</code> to the file.</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with an object containing a <code>bytesWritten</code> property
identifying the number of bytes written, and a <code>buffer</code> property containing
a reference to the <code>buffer</code> written.</p>
<p><code>offset</code> determines the part of the buffer to be written, and <code>length</code> is
an integer specifying the number of bytes to write.</p>
<p><code>position</code> refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be written
at the current position. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pwrite.2.html"><code>pwrite(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>filehandle.write()</code> multiple times on the same file
without waiting for the <code>Promise</code> to be resolved (or rejected). For this
scenario, use <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a>.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes do not work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.write(string[, position[, encoding]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_write_string_position_encoding" id="fs_filehandle_write_string_position_encoding">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>string</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Write <code>string</code> to the file. If <code>string</code> is not a string, then
the value will be coerced to one.</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with an object containing a <code>bytesWritten</code> property
identifying the number of bytes written, and a <code>buffer</code> property containing
a reference to the <code>string</code> written.</p>
<p><code>position</code> refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If the type of <code>position</code> is not a <code>number</code> the data
will be written at the current position. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pwrite.2.html"><code>pwrite(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>encoding</code> is the expected string encoding.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>filehandle.write()</code> multiple times on the same file
without waiting for the <code>Promise</code> to be resolved (or rejected). For this
scenario, use <a href="#fs_fs_createwritestream_path_options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a>.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes do not work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.writeFile(data, options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_writefile_data_options" id="fs_filehandle_writefile_data_options">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously writes data to a file, replacing the file if it already exists.
<code>data</code> can be a string or a buffer. The <code>Promise</code> will be resolved with no
arguments upon success.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option is ignored if <code>data</code> is a buffer.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<p>The <code>FileHandle</code> has to support writing.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>filehandle.writeFile()</code> multiple times on the same file
without waiting for the <code>Promise</code> to be resolved (or rejected).</p>
<p>If one or more <code>filehandle.write()</code> calls are made on a file handle and then a
<code>filehandle.writeFile()</code> call is made, the data will be written from the
current position till the end of the file. It doesn't always write from the
beginning of the file.</p>
<h4><code>filehandle.writev(buffers[, position])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_filehandle_writev_buffers_position" id="fs_filehandle_writev_buffers_position">#</a></span></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffers</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView" class="type"><ArrayBufferView[]></a></li>
<li><code>position</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Write an array of <code>ArrayBufferView</code>s to the file.</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with an object containing a <code>bytesWritten</code> property
identifying the number of bytes written, and a <code>buffers</code> property containing
a reference to the <code>buffers</code> input.</p>
<p><code>position</code> is the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If <code>typeof position !== 'number'</code>, the data will be written
at the current position.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to call <code>writev()</code> multiple times on the same file without waiting
for the previous operation to complete.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.access(path[, mode])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_access_path_mode" id="fs_fspromises_access_path_mode">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>fs.constants.F_OK</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Tests a user's permissions for the file or directory specified by <code>path</code>.
The <code>mode</code> argument is an optional integer that specifies the accessibility
checks to be performed. Check <a href="#fs_file_access_constants">File access constants</a> for possible values
of <code>mode</code>. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of
two or more values (e.g. <code>fs.constants.W_OK | fs.constants.R_OK</code>).</p>
<p>If the accessibility check is successful, the <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no
value. If any of the accessibility checks fail, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected
with an <code>Error</code> object. The following example checks if the file
<code>/etc/passwd</code> can be read and written by the current process.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const fsPromises = fs.promises;
fsPromises.access('/etc/passwd', fs.constants.R_OK | fs.constants.W_OK)
.then(() => console.log('can access'))
.catch(() => console.error('cannot access'));
</code></pre>
<p>Using <code>fsPromises.access()</code> to check for the accessibility of a file before
calling <code>fsPromises.open()</code> is not recommended. Doing so introduces a race
condition, since other processes may change the file's state between the two
calls. Instead, user code should open/read/write the file directly and handle
the error raised if the file is not accessible.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.appendFile(path, data[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_appendfile_path_data_options" id="fs_fspromises_appendfile_path_data_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="fs.html#fs_class_filehandle" class="type"><FileHandle></a> filename or <code>FileHandle</code></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'a'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously append data to a file, creating the file if it does not yet
exist. <code>data</code> can be a string or a <a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> will be
resolved with no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<p>The <code>path</code> may be specified as a <code>FileHandle</code> that has been opened
for appending (using <code>fsPromises.open()</code>).</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.chmod(path, mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_chmod_path_mode" id="fs_fspromises_chmod_path_mode">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Changes the permissions of a file then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no
arguments upon succces.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.chown(path, uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_chown_path_uid_gid" id="fs_fspromises_chown_path_uid_gid">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Changes the ownership of a file then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments
upon success.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.copyFile(src, dest[, flags])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_copyfile_src_dest_flags" id="fs_fspromises_copyfile_src_dest_flags">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> source filename to copy</li>
<li><code>dest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> destination filename of the copy operation</li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> modifiers for copy operation. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously copies <code>src</code> to <code>dest</code>. By default, <code>dest</code> is overwritten if it
already exists. The <code>Promise</code> will be resolved with no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>Node.js makes no guarantees about the atomicity of the copy operation. If an
error occurs after the destination file has been opened for writing, Node.js
will attempt to remove the destination.</p>
<p><code>flags</code> is an optional integer that specifies the behavior
of the copy operation. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise
OR of two or more values (e.g.
<code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL | fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>).</p>
<ul>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_EXCL</code>: The copy operation will fail if <code>dest</code> already
exists.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to create a
copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write, then a
fallback copy mechanism is used.</li>
<li><code>fs.constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE_FORCE</code>: The copy operation will attempt to
create a copy-on-write reflink. If the platform does not support copy-on-write,
then the operation will fail.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fsPromises = require('fs').promises;
// destination.txt will be created or overwritten by default.
fsPromises.copyFile('source.txt', 'destination.txt')
.then(() => console.log('source.txt was copied to destination.txt'))
.catch(() => console.log('The file could not be copied'));
</code></pre>
<p>If the third argument is a number, then it specifies <code>flags</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const fsPromises = fs.promises;
const { COPYFILE_EXCL } = fs.constants;
// By using COPYFILE_EXCL, the operation will fail if destination.txt exists.
fsPromises.copyFile('source.txt', 'destination.txt', COPYFILE_EXCL)
.then(() => console.log('source.txt was copied to destination.txt'))
.catch(() => console.log('The file could not be copied'));
</code></pre>
<h3><code>fsPromises.lchmod(path, mode)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_lchmod_path_mode" id="fs_fspromises_lchmod_path_mode">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Deprecated since: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Changes the permissions on a symbolic link then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with
no arguments upon success. This method is only implemented on macOS.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.lchown(path, uid, gid)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_lchown_path_uid_gid" id="fs_fspromises_lchown_path_uid_gid">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.6.0</td>
<td><p>This API is no longer deprecated.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>uid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>gid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Changes the ownership on a symbolic link then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with
no arguments upon success.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.link(existingPath, newPath)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_link_existingpath_newpath" id="fs_fspromises_link_existingpath_newpath">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>existingPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/link.2.html"><code>link(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no arguments upon success.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.lstat(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_lstat_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_lstat_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/lstat.2.html"><code>lstat(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object
for the given symbolic link <code>path</code>.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.mkdir(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_mkdir_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_mkdir_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Not supported on Windows. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o777</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously creates a directory then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with either no
arguments, or the first directory path created if <code>recursive</code> is <code>true</code>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be an integer specifying mode (permission
and sticky bits), or an object with a <code>mode</code> property and a <code>recursive</code>
property indicating whether parent directories should be created. Calling
<code>fsPromises.mkdir()</code> when <code>path</code> is a directory that exists results in a
rejection only when <code>recursive</code> is false.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.mkdtemp(prefix[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_mkdtemp_prefix_options" id="fs_fspromises_mkdtemp_prefix_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>prefix</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a unique temporary directory and resolves the <code>Promise</code> with the created
directory path. A unique directory name is generated by appending six random
characters to the end of the provided <code>prefix</code>. Due to platform
inconsistencies, avoid trailing <code>X</code> characters in <code>prefix</code>. Some platforms,
notably the BSDs, can return more than six random characters, and replace
trailing <code>X</code> characters in <code>prefix</code> with random characters.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">fsPromises.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'foo-'))
.catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>fsPromises.mkdtemp()</code> method will append the six randomly selected
characters directly to the <code>prefix</code> string. For instance, given a directory
<code>/tmp</code>, if the intention is to create a temporary directory <em>within</em> <code>/tmp</code>, the
<code>prefix</code> must end with a trailing platform-specific path separator
(<code>require('path').sep</code>).</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.open(path, flags[, mode])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_open_path_flags_mode" id="fs_fspromises_open_path_flags_mode">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v11.1.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>flags</code> argument is now optional and defaults to <code>'r'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.</li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code> (readable and writable)</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous file open that returns a <code>Promise</code> that, when resolved, yields a
<code>FileHandle</code> object. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/open.2.html"><code>open(2)</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>mode</code> sets the file mode (permission and sticky bits), but only if the file was
created.</p>
<p>Some characters (<code>< > : " / \ | ? *</code>) are reserved under Windows as documented
by <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file">Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces</a>. Under NTFS, if the filename contains
a colon, Node.js will open a file system stream, as described by
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/using-streams">this MSDN page</a>.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.opendir(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_opendir_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_opendir_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>bufferSize</code> option was introduced.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.12.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.12.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>bufferSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Number of directory entries that are buffered
internally when reading from the directory. Higher values lead to better
performance but higher memory usage. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>32</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> containing <a href="fs.html#fs_class_fs_dir" class="type"><fs.Dir></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously open a directory. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html"><code>opendir(3)</code></a>.</p>
<p>Creates an <a href="#fs_class_fs_dir"><code>fs.Dir</code></a>, which contains all further functions for reading from
and cleaning up the directory.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option sets the encoding for the <code>path</code> while opening the
directory and subsequent read operations.</p>
<p>Example using async iteration:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
async function print(path) {
const dir = await fs.promises.opendir(path);
for await (const dirent of dir) {
console.log(dirent.name);
}
}
print('./').catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<h3><code>fsPromises.readdir(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_readdir_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_readdir_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.11.0</td>
<td><p>New option <code>withFileTypes</code> was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>withFileTypes</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Reads the contents of a directory then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with an array
of the names of the files in the directory excluding <code>'.'</code> and <code>'..'</code>.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the filenames. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>, the filenames returned
will be passed as <code>Buffer</code> objects.</p>
<p>If <code>options.withFileTypes</code> is set to <code>true</code>, the resolved array will contain
<a href="#fs_class_fs_dirent"><code>fs.Dirent</code></a> objects.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
async function print(path) {
const files = await fs.promises.readdir(path);
for (const file of files) {
console.log(file);
}
}
print('./').catch(console.error);
</code></pre>
<h3><code>fsPromises.readFile(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_readfile_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_readfile_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="fs.html#fs_class_filehandle" class="type"><FileHandle></a> filename or <code>FileHandle</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'r'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously reads the entire contents of a file.</p>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the contents of the file. If no encoding is
specified (using <code>options.encoding</code>), the data is returned as a <code>Buffer</code>
object. Otherwise, the data will be a string.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<p>When the <code>path</code> is a directory, the behavior of <code>fsPromises.readFile()</code> is
platform-specific. On macOS, Linux, and Windows, the promise will be rejected
with an error. On FreeBSD, a representation of the directory's contents will be
returned.</p>
<p>Any specified <code>FileHandle</code> has to support reading.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.readlink(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_readlink_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_readlink_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/readlink.2.html"><code>readlink(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the <code>linkString</code> upon
success.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the link path returned. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>, the link path
returned will be passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.realpath(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_realpath_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_realpath_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Determines the actual location of <code>path</code> using the same semantics as the
<code>fs.realpath.native()</code> function then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with the resolved
path.</p>
<p>Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
object with an <code>encoding</code> property specifying the character encoding to use for
the path. If the <code>encoding</code> is set to <code>'buffer'</code>, the path returned will be
passed as a <code>Buffer</code> object.</p>
<p>On Linux, when Node.js is linked against musl libc, the procfs file system must
be mounted on <code>/proc</code> in order for this function to work. Glibc does not have
this restriction.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.rename(oldPath, newPath)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_rename_oldpath_newpath" id="fs_fspromises_rename_oldpath_newpath">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>oldPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>newPath</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Renames <code>oldPath</code> to <code>newPath</code> and resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments
upon success.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.rmdir(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_rmdir_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_rmdir_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>maxBusyTries</code> option is renamed to <code>maxRetries</code>, and its default is 0. The <code>emfileWait</code> option has been removed, and <code>EMFILE</code> errors use the same retry logic as other errors. The <code>retryDelay</code> option is now supported. <code>ENFILE</code> errors are now retried.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.10.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>recursive</code>, <code>maxBusyTries</code>, and <code>emfileWait</code> options are now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 1</a> - Recursive removal is experimental.</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>maxRetries</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> If an <code>EBUSY</code>, <code>EMFILE</code>, <code>ENFILE</code>, <code>ENOTEMPTY</code>, or
<code>EPERM</code> error is encountered, Node.js will retry the operation with a linear
backoff wait of <code>retryDelay</code> ms longer on each try. This option represents the
number of retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not
<code>true</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>recursive</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> If <code>true</code>, perform a recursive directory removal. In
recursive mode, errors are not reported if <code>path</code> does not exist, and
operations are retried on failure. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>retryDelay</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The amount of time in milliseconds to wait between
retries. This option is ignored if the <code>recursive</code> option is not <code>true</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>100</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Removes the directory identified by <code>path</code> then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with
no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>Using <code>fsPromises.rmdir()</code> on a file (not a directory) results in the
<code>Promise</code> being rejected with an <code>ENOENT</code> error on Windows and an <code>ENOTDIR</code>
error on POSIX.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.stat(path[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_stat_path_options" id="fs_fspromises_stat_path_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p>Accepts an additional <code>options</code> object to specify whether the numeric values returned should be bigint.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether the numeric values in the returned
<a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object should be <code>bigint</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object for the given <code>path</code>.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.symlink(target, path[, type])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_symlink_target_path_type" id="fs_fspromises_symlink_target_path_type">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>target</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>type</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'file'</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a symbolic link then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments upon
success.</p>
<p>The <code>type</code> argument is only used on Windows platforms and can be one of <code>'dir'</code>,
<code>'file'</code>, or <code>'junction'</code>. Windows junction points require the destination path
to be absolute. When using <code>'junction'</code>, the <code>target</code> argument will
automatically be normalized to absolute path.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.truncate(path[, len])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_truncate_path_len" id="fs_fspromises_truncate_path_len">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>len</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Truncates the <code>path</code> then resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments upon
success. The <code>path</code> <em>must</em> be a string or <code>Buffer</code>.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.unlink(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_unlink_path" id="fs_fspromises_unlink_path">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronous <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/unlink.2.html"><code>unlink(2)</code></a>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with no arguments upon
success.</p>
<h3><code>fsPromises.utimes(path, atime, mtime)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_utimes_path_atime_mtime" id="fs_fspromises_utimes_path_atime_mtime">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a></li>
<li><code>atime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li><code>mtime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Change the file system timestamps of the object referenced by <code>path</code> then
resolves the <code>Promise</code> with no arguments upon success.</p>
<p>The <code>atime</code> and <code>mtime</code> arguments follow these rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>Values can be either numbers representing Unix epoch time, <code>Date</code>s, or a
numeric string like <code>'123456789.0'</code>.</li>
<li>If the value can not be converted to a number, or is <code>NaN</code>, <code>Infinity</code> or
<code>-Infinity</code>, an <code>Error</code> will be thrown.</li>
</ul>
<h3><code>fsPromises.writeFile(file, data[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fspromises_writefile_file_data_options" id="fs_fspromises_writefile_file_data_options">#</a></span></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>file</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api" class="type"><URL></a> | <a href="fs.html#fs_class_filehandle" class="type"><FileHandle></a> filename or <code>FileHandle</code></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#buffer_class_buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a></li>
<li>
<p><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0o666</code></li>
<li><code>flag</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> See <a href="#fs_file_system_flags">support of file system <code>flags</code></a>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'w'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously writes data to a file, replacing the file if it already exists.
<code>data</code> can be a string or a buffer. The <code>Promise</code> will be resolved with no
arguments upon success.</p>
<p>The <code>encoding</code> option is ignored if <code>data</code> is a buffer.</p>
<p>If <code>options</code> is a string, then it specifies the encoding.</p>
<p>Any specified <code>FileHandle</code> has to support writing.</p>
<p>It is unsafe to use <code>fsPromises.writeFile()</code> multiple times on the same file
without waiting for the <code>Promise</code> to be resolved (or rejected).</p>
<h2>FS constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_fs_constants_1" id="fs_fs_constants_1">#</a></span></h2>
<p>The following constants are exported by <code>fs.constants</code>.</p>
<p>Not every constant will be available on every operating system.</p>
<p>To use more than one constant, use the bitwise OR <code>|</code> operator.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const fs = require('fs');
const {
O_RDWR,
O_CREAT,
O_EXCL
} = fs.constants;
fs.open('/path/to/my/file', O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, (err, fd) => {
// ...
});
</code></pre>
<h3>File access constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_access_constants" id="fs_file_access_constants">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The following constants are meant for use with <a href="#fs_fs_access_path_mode_callback"><code>fs.access()</code></a>.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>F_OK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file is visible to the calling process.
This is useful for determining if a file exists, but says nothing
about <code>rwx</code> permissions. Default if no mode is specified.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>R_OK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file can be read by the calling process.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>W_OK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file can be written by the calling
process.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>X_OK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file can be executed by the calling
process. This has no effect on Windows
(will behave like <code>fs.constants.F_OK</code>).</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>File copy constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_copy_constants" id="fs_file_copy_constants">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The following constants are meant for use with <a href="#fs_fs_copyfile_src_dest_flags_callback"><code>fs.copyFile()</code></a>.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>COPYFILE_EXCL</code></td>
<td>If present, the copy operation will fail with an error if the
destination path already exists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>COPYFILE_FICLONE</code></td>
<td>If present, the copy operation will attempt to create a
copy-on-write reflink. If the underlying platform does not support
copy-on-write, then a fallback copy mechanism is used.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>COPYFILE_FICLONE_FORCE</code></td>
<td>If present, the copy operation will attempt to create a
copy-on-write reflink. If the underlying platform does not support
copy-on-write, then the operation will fail with an error.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>File open constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_open_constants" id="fs_file_open_constants">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The following constants are meant for use with <code>fs.open()</code>.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_RDONLY</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to open a file for read-only access.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_WRONLY</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to open a file for write-only access.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_RDWR</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to open a file for read-write access.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_CREAT</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to create the file if it does not already exist.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_EXCL</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that opening a file should fail if the
<code>O_CREAT</code> flag is set and the file already exists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_NOCTTY</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that if path identifies a terminal device, opening the
path shall not cause that terminal to become the controlling terminal for
the process (if the process does not already have one).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_TRUNC</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that if the file exists and is a regular file, and the
file is opened successfully for write access, its length shall be truncated
to zero.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_APPEND</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that data will be appended to the end of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_DIRECTORY</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the open should fail if the path is not a
directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_NOATIME</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating reading accesses to the file system will no longer
result in an update to the <code>atime</code> information associated with
the file. This flag is available on Linux operating systems only.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_NOFOLLOW</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the open should fail if the path is a symbolic
link.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_SYNC</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file is opened for synchronized I/O with write
operations waiting for file integrity.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_DSYNC</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating that the file is opened for synchronized I/O with write
operations waiting for data integrity.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_SYMLINK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to open the symbolic link itself rather than the
resource it is pointing to.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_DIRECT</code></td>
<td>When set, an attempt will be made to minimize caching effects of file
I/O.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>O_NONBLOCK</code></td>
<td>Flag indicating to open the file in nonblocking mode when possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>UV_FS_O_FILEMAP</code></td>
<td>When set, a memory file mapping is used to access the file. This flag
is available on Windows operating systems only. On other operating systems,
this flag is ignored.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>File type constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_type_constants" id="fs_file_type_constants">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The following constants are meant for use with the <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object's
<code>mode</code> property for determining a file's type.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFMT</code></td>
<td>Bit mask used to extract the file type code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFREG</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a regular file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFDIR</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFCHR</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a character-oriented device file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFBLK</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a block-oriented device file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFIFO</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a FIFO/pipe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFLNK</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a symbolic link.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IFSOCK</code></td>
<td>File type constant for a socket.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>File mode constants<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_mode_constants" id="fs_file_mode_constants">#</a></span></h3>
<p>The following constants are meant for use with the <a href="#fs_class_fs_stats"><code>fs.Stats</code></a> object's
<code>mode</code> property for determining the access permissions for a file.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IRWXU</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable, writable, and executable by owner.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IRUSR</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable by owner.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IWUSR</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating writable by owner.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IXUSR</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating executable by owner.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IRWXG</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable, writable, and executable by group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IRGRP</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable by group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IWGRP</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating writable by group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IXGRP</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating executable by group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IRWXO</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable, writable, and executable by others.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IROTH</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating readable by others.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IWOTH</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating writable by others.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>S_IXOTH</code></td>
<td>File mode indicating executable by others.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>File system flags<span><a class="mark" href="#fs_file_system_flags" id="fs_file_system_flags">#</a></span></h2>
<p>The following flags are available wherever the <code>flag</code> option takes a
string.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>'a'</code>: Open file for appending.
The file is created if it does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'ax'</code>: Like <code>'a'</code> but fails if the path exists.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'a+'</code>: Open file for reading and appending.
The file is created if it does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'ax+'</code>: Like <code>'a+'</code> but fails if the path exists.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'as'</code>: Open file for appending in synchronous mode.
The file is created if it does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'as+'</code>: Open file for reading and appending in synchronous mode.
The file is created if it does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'r'</code>: Open file for reading.
An exception occurs if the file does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'r+'</code>: Open file for reading and writing.
An exception occurs if the file does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'rs+'</code>: Open file for reading and writing in synchronous mode. Instructs
the operating system to bypass the local file system cache.</p>
<p>This is primarily useful for opening files on NFS mounts as it allows
skipping the potentially stale local cache. It has a very real impact on
I/O performance so using this flag is not recommended unless it is needed.</p>
<p>This doesn't turn <code>fs.open()</code> or <code>fsPromises.open()</code> into a synchronous
blocking call. If synchronous operation is desired, something like
<code>fs.openSync()</code> should be used.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'w'</code>: Open file for writing.
The file is created (if it does not exist) or truncated (if it exists).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'wx'</code>: Like <code>'w'</code> but fails if the path exists.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'w+'</code>: Open file for reading and writing.
The file is created (if it does not exist) or truncated (if it exists).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'wx+'</code>: Like <code>'w+'</code> but fails if the path exists.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><code>flag</code> can also be a number as documented by <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/open.2.html"><code>open(2)</code></a>; commonly used constants
are available from <code>fs.constants</code>. On Windows, flags are translated to
their equivalent ones where applicable, e.g. <code>O_WRONLY</code> to <code>FILE_GENERIC_WRITE</code>,
or <code>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</code> to <code>CREATE_NEW</code>, as accepted by <code>CreateFileW</code>.</p>
<p>The exclusive flag <code>'x'</code> (<code>O_EXCL</code> flag in <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/open.2.html"><code>open(2)</code></a>) ensures that path is newly
created. On POSIX systems, path is considered to exist even if it is a symlink
to a non-existent file. The exclusive flag may or may not work with network
file systems.</p>
<p>On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
the end of the file.</p>
<p>Modifying a file rather than replacing it may require a flags mode of <code>'r+'</code>
rather than the default mode <code>'w'</code>.</p>
<p>The behavior of some flags are platform-specific. As such, opening a directory
on macOS and Linux with the <code>'a+'</code> flag, as in the example below, will return an
error. In contrast, on Windows and FreeBSD, a file descriptor or a <code>FileHandle</code>
will be returned.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// macOS and Linux
fs.open('<directory>', 'a+', (err, fd) => {
// => [Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, open <directory>]
});
// Windows and FreeBSD
fs.open('<directory>', 'a+', (err, fd) => {
// => null, <fd>
});
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows, opening an existing hidden file using the <code>'w'</code> flag (either
through <code>fs.open()</code> or <code>fs.writeFile()</code> or <code>fsPromises.open()</code>) will fail with
<code>EPERM</code>. Existing hidden files can be opened for writing with the <code>'r+'</code> flag.</p>
<p>A call to <code>fs.ftruncate()</code> or <code>filehandle.truncate()</code> can be used to reset
the file contents.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="assets/highlight.pack.js"></script>
<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad(); });</script>
</body>
</html>