Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Using :? will cause the command to fail if the variable is null or unset. Similarly, you can use :- to set a default value if applicable.
In the case command substitution, assign to a variable first and then use :?. This is relevant even if the command seems simple and obviously correct, since forks and execs can fail due to external system limits and conditions, resulting in a blank substitution.
For more details about :? see the "Parameter Expansion" section of the Bash man page.
[[ -e $f ]] || break # handle the case of no *.wav files
echo "$f"
done
Also note that in Bash, shopt -s nullglob will allow the loop to run 0 times instead of 1 if there are no matches. There are also several other conditions to be aware of.
Rationale:
When looping over a set of files, it's always better to use globs when possible. Using command expansion causes word splitting and glob expansion, which will cause problems for certain filenames (typically first seen when trying to process a file with spaces in the name).
The following files can or will break the first loop:
Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
Problematic code:
echo$1
foriin$*;do:;done# this done and the next one also applies to expanding arrays.
foriin$@;do:;done
Correct code:
echo"$1"
foriin"$@";do:;done# or, 'for i; do'
Rationale
The first code looks like "print the first argument". It's actually "Split the first argument by IFS (spaces, tabs and line feeds). Expand each of them as if it was a glob. Join all the resulting strings and filenames with spaces. Print the result."
The second one looks like "iterate through all arguments". It's actually "join all the arguments by the first character of IFS (space), split them by IFS and expand each of them as globs, and iterate on the resulting list". The third one skips the joining part.
Quoting variables prevents word splitting and glob expansion, and prevents the script from breaking when input contains spaces, line feeds, glob characters and such.
Strictly speaking, only expansions themselves need to be quoted, but for stylistic reasons, entire arguments with multiple variable and literal parts are often quoted as one:
When quoting composite arguments, make sure to exclude globs and brace expansions, which lose their special meaning in double quotes: "$HOME/$dir/src/*.c" will not expand, but "$HOME/$dir/src"/*.c will.
Note that $( ) starts a new context, and variables in it have to be quoted independently:
echo"This $variable is quoted $(but this $variable is not)"
echo"This $variable is quoted $(and now this "$variable" is too)"
Exceptions
Sometimes you want to split on spaces, like when building a command line:
options="-j 5 -B"
make$optionsfile
Just quoting this doesn't work. Instead, you should have used an array (bash, ksh, zsh):
options=(-j 5 -B)# ksh: set -A options -- -j 5 -B
make"${options[@]}"file
or a function (POSIX):
make_with_flags(){make-j5-B"$@";}
make_with_flags file
To split on spaces but not perform glob expansion, Posix has a set -f to disable globbing. You can disable word splitting by setting IFS=''.
Similarly, you might want an optional argument:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="-x"
bash$debug script
Quoting this doesn't work, since in the default case, "$debug" would expand to one empty argument while $debug would expand into zero arguments. In this case, you can use an array with zero or one elements as outlined above, or you can use an unquoted expansion with an alternate value:
debug=""
[[$1=="--trace-commands"]]&&debug="yes"
bash${debug:+"-x"} script
This is better than an unquoted value because the alternative value can be properly quoted, e.g. wget ${output:+ -o "$output"}.
As always, this warning can be [[ignore]]d on a case-by-case basis.
this is especially relevant when BASH many not be available for the array work around.
For example, use in eval or in command options where script has total control of the variables...
Check exit code directly with e.g. 'if mycmd;', not indirectly with $?.
Problematic code:
make mytarget
if[$?-ne0]
then
echo"Build failed"
fi
Correct code:
if!make mytarget
then
echo"Build failed"
fi
Rationale:
Running a command and then checking its exit status $? against 0 is redundant.
Instead of just checking the exit code of a command, it checks the exit code of a command (e.g. [) that checks the exit code of a command.
Apart from the redundancy, there are other reasons to avoid this pattern:
Since the command and its status test are decoupled, inserting an innocent command like echo "make finished" after make will cause the if statement to silently start comparing echo's status instead.
Scripts that run or are called with set -e aka errexit will exit immediately if the command fails, even though they're followed by a clause that handles failure.
The value of $? is overwritten by [/[[, so you can't get the original value in the relevant then/else block (e.g. if mycmd; then echo "Success"; else echo "Failed with $?"; fi).
To check that a command returns success, use if mycommand; then ....
To check that a command returns failure, use if ! mycommand; then ....
To additionally capture output with command substitution: if output=$(mycommand); then ...
This also applies to while/until loops.
Exceptions:
The default Solaris 10 bourne shell does not support '!' outside of the test command (if ! mycommand; then ... returns !: not found)