Possible SQL injection Open
conditions: "title != \'#{SystemSetting.no_public_version_title}\'",
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Injection is #1 on the 2013 OWASP Top Ten web security risks. SQL injection is when a user is able to manipulate a value which is used unsafely inside a SQL query. This can lead to data leaks, data loss, elevation of privilege, and other unpleasant outcomes.
Brakeman focuses on ActiveRecord methods dealing with building SQL statements.
A basic (Rails 2.x) example looks like this:
User.first(:conditions => "username = '#{params[:username]}'")
Brakeman would produce a warning like this:
Possible SQL injection near line 30: User.first(:conditions => ("username = '#{params[:username]}'"))
The safe way to do this query is to use a parameterized query:
User.first(:conditions => ["username = ?", params[:username]])
Brakeman also understands the new Rails 3.x way of doing things (and local variables and concatenation):
username = params[:user][:name].downcase
password = params[:user][:password]
User.first.where("username = '" + username + "' AND password = '" + password + "'")
This results in this kind of warning:
Possible SQL injection near line 37:
User.first.where((((("username = '" + params[:user][:name].downcase) + "' AND password = '") + params[:user][:password]) + "'"))
See the Ruby Security Guide for more information and Rails-SQLi.org for many examples of SQL injection in Rails.
Module has too many lines. [105/100] Open
module InstanceMethods
# TODO: Work out how to invoke an instance method from an included module..
# Might need to overload self.non_versioned_columns the method
# self.non_versioned_columns << "file_private"
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This cop checks if the length a module exceeds some maximum value. Comment lines can optionally be ignored. The maximum allowed length is configurable.
Method has too many lines. [18/10] Open
def load_public!
if public_version = latest_public_version
without_saving_private do
revert_to!(public_version)
end
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks if the length of a method exceeds some maximum value. Comment lines can optionally be ignored. The maximum allowed length is configurable.
Assignment Branch Condition size for order_tags is too high. [19.47/15] Open
def order_tags(tags_out_of_order)
return tags_out_of_order if raw_tag_list.blank?
# Get the raw tag list, split, squish (removed whitespace), and add each to raw_tag_array
# Make sure we skip if the array already has that tag name (remove any duplicates that occur)
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This cop checks that the ABC size of methods is not higher than the configured maximum. The ABC size is based on assignments, branches (method calls), and conditions. See http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AbcMetric
Assignment Branch Condition size for rename_file is too high. [18.06/15] Open
def rename_file
return unless @old_filename && @old_filename != full_filename
if save_attachment? && File.exist?(@old_filename)
FileUtils.rm @old_filename
elsif File.exist?(@old_filename)
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks that the ABC size of methods is not higher than the configured maximum. The ABC size is based on assignments, branches (method calls), and conditions. See http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AbcMetric
Method has too many lines. [12/10] Open
def store_correct_versions_after_save
if private?
store_private!
# Store the basket id from the private version for future use..
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This cop checks if the length of a method exceeds some maximum value. Comment lines can optionally be ignored. The maximum allowed length is configurable.
Method has too many lines. [11/10] Open
def store_private!(save_after_serialization = false)
prepared_array =
self.class.versioned_columns.inject([]) do |memo, k|
memo << [k.name, send(k.name.to_sym)]
end
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks if the length of a method exceeds some maximum value. Comment lines can optionally be ignored. The maximum allowed length is configurable.
Method has too many lines. [11/10] Open
def order_tags(tags_out_of_order)
return tags_out_of_order if raw_tag_list.blank?
# Get the raw tag list, split, squish (removed whitespace), and add each to raw_tag_array
# Make sure we skip if the array already has that tag name (remove any duplicates that occur)
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks if the length of a method exceeds some maximum value. Comment lines can optionally be ignored. The maximum allowed length is configurable.
Cyclomatic complexity for rename_file is too high. [7/6] Open
def rename_file
return unless @old_filename && @old_filename != full_filename
if save_attachment? && File.exist?(@old_filename)
FileUtils.rm @old_filename
elsif File.exist?(@old_filename)
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks that the cyclomatic complexity of methods is not higher than the configured maximum. The cyclomatic complexity is the number of linearly independent paths through a method. The algorithm counts decision points and adds one.
An if statement (or unless or ?:) increases the complexity by one. An else branch does not, since it doesn't add a decision point. The && operator (or keyword and) can be converted to a nested if statement, and ||/or is shorthand for a sequence of ifs, so they also add one. Loops can be said to have an exit condition, so they add one.
Perceived complexity for rename_file is too high. [8/7] Open
def rename_file
return unless @old_filename && @old_filename != full_filename
if save_attachment? && File.exist?(@old_filename)
FileUtils.rm @old_filename
elsif File.exist?(@old_filename)
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- Exclude checks
This cop tries to produce a complexity score that's a measure of the
complexity the reader experiences when looking at a method. For that
reason it considers when
nodes as something that doesn't add as much
complexity as an if
or a &&
. Except if it's one of those special
case
/when
constructs where there's no expression after case
. Then
the cop treats it as an if
/elsif
/elsif
... and lets all the when
nodes count. In contrast to the CyclomaticComplexity cop, this cop
considers else
nodes as adding complexity.
Example:
def my_method # 1
if cond # 1
case var # 2 (0.8 + 4 * 0.2, rounded)
when 1 then func_one
when 2 then func_two
when 3 then func_three
when 4..10 then func_other
end
else # 1
do_something until a && b # 2
end # ===
end # 7 complexity points
Method file_private=
has a Cognitive Complexity of 8 (exceeds 5 allowed). Consider refactoring. Open
def file_private=(*args)
# File privacy can only go private => public as a public file cannot
# be made private at a later time due to the need for previous
# versions have file access.
unless !force_privacy && file_private === false
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Cognitive Complexity
Cognitive Complexity is a measure of how difficult a unit of code is to intuitively understand. Unlike Cyclomatic Complexity, which determines how difficult your code will be to test, Cognitive Complexity tells you how difficult your code will be to read and comprehend.
A method's cognitive complexity is based on a few simple rules:
- Code is not considered more complex when it uses shorthand that the language provides for collapsing multiple statements into one
- Code is considered more complex for each "break in the linear flow of the code"
- Code is considered more complex when "flow breaking structures are nested"
Further reading
Method store_correct_versions_after_save
has a Cognitive Complexity of 7 (exceeds 5 allowed). Consider refactoring. Open
def store_correct_versions_after_save
if private?
store_private!
# Store the basket id from the private version for future use..
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Cognitive Complexity
Cognitive Complexity is a measure of how difficult a unit of code is to intuitively understand. Unlike Cyclomatic Complexity, which determines how difficult your code will be to test, Cognitive Complexity tells you how difficult your code will be to read and comprehend.
A method's cognitive complexity is based on a few simple rules:
- Code is not considered more complex when it uses shorthand that the language provides for collapsing multiple statements into one
- Code is considered more complex for each "break in the linear flow of the code"
- Code is considered more complex when "flow breaking structures are nested"
Further reading
Method rename_file
has a Cognitive Complexity of 7 (exceeds 5 allowed). Consider refactoring. Open
def rename_file
return unless @old_filename && @old_filename != full_filename
if save_attachment? && File.exist?(@old_filename)
FileUtils.rm @old_filename
elsif File.exist?(@old_filename)
- Read upRead up
Cognitive Complexity
Cognitive Complexity is a measure of how difficult a unit of code is to intuitively understand. Unlike Cyclomatic Complexity, which determines how difficult your code will be to test, Cognitive Complexity tells you how difficult your code will be to read and comprehend.
A method's cognitive complexity is based on a few simple rules:
- Code is not considered more complex when it uses shorthand that the language provides for collapsing multiple statements into one
- Code is considered more complex for each "break in the linear flow of the code"
- Code is considered more complex when "flow breaking structures are nested"
Further reading
TODO found Open
# TODO: Work out how to invoke an instance method from an included module..
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Rename has_private_version?
to private_version?
. Open
def has_private_version?
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This cop makes sure that predicates are named properly.
Example:
# bad
def is_even?(value)
end
# good
def even?(value)
end
# bad
def has_value?
end
# good
def value?
end
Prefer Object#is_a?
over Object#kind_of?
. Open
raise 'No private attributes' if private_attrs.nil? || !private_attrs.kind_of?(Array)
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- Exclude checks
This cop enforces consistent use of Object#is_a?
or Object#kind_of?
.
Example: EnforcedStyle: is_a? (default)
# bad
var.kind_of?(Date)
var.kind_of?(Integer)
# good
var.is_a?(Date)
var.is_a?(Integer)
Example: EnforcedStyle: kind_of?
# bad
var.is_a?(Time)
var.is_a?(String)
# good
var.kind_of?(Time)
var.kind_of?(String)
Unused method argument - block
. If it's necessary, use _
or _block
as an argument name to indicate that it won't be used. You can also write as private_version(*)
if you want the method to accept any arguments but don't care about them. Open
def private_version(&block)
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This cop checks for unused method arguments.
Example:
# bad
def some_method(used, unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Example:
# good
def some_method(used, _unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Use ==
if you meant to do a comparison or wrap the expression in parentheses to indicate you meant to assign in a condition. Open
if public_version = latest_public_version
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This cop checks for assignments in the conditions of if/while/until.
Example:
# bad
if some_var = true
do_something
end
Example:
# good
if some_var == true
do_something
end
Rename has_public_version?
to public_version?
. Open
def has_public_version?
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- Exclude checks
This cop makes sure that predicates are named properly.
Example:
# bad
def is_even?(value)
end
# good
def even?(value)
end
# bad
def has_value?
end
# good
def value?
end
Avoid the use of the case equality operator ===
. Open
unless !force_privacy && file_private === false
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for uses of the case equality operator(===).
Example:
# bad
Array === something
(1..100) === 7
/something/ === some_string
# good
something.is_a?(Array)
(1..100).include?(7)
some_string =~ /something/
Method ItemPrivacy::ActsAsVersionedOverload::ClassMethods#store_correct_versions_after_save
is defined at both lib/item_privacy.rb:265 and lib/item_privacy.rb:270. Open
alias_method :store_correct_versions_after_save, :orig_store_correct_versions_after_save
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for duplicated instance (or singleton) method definitions.
Example:
# bad
def duplicated
1
end
def duplicated
2
end
Example:
# bad
def duplicated
1
end
alias duplicated other_duplicated
Example:
# good
def duplicated
1
end
def other_duplicated
2
end
Unused method argument - save_after_serialization
. If it's necessary, use _
or _save_after_serialization
as an argument name to indicate that it won't be used. You can also write as store_private!(*)
if you want the method to accept any arguments but don't care about them. Open
def store_private!(save_after_serialization = false)
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for unused method arguments.
Example:
# bad
def some_method(used, unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Example:
# good
def some_method(used, _unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Useless assignment to variable - version
. Open
version =
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This cop checks for every useless assignment to local variable in every
scope.
The basic idea for this cop was from the warning of ruby -cw
:
assigned but unused variable - foo
Currently this cop has advanced logic that detects unreferenced reassignments and properly handles varied cases such as branch, loop, rescue, ensure, etc.
Example:
# bad
def some_method
some_var = 1
do_something
end
Example:
# good
def some_method
some_var = 1
do_something(some_var)
end
Rename is_private?
to private?
. Open
def is_private?
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- Exclude checks
This cop makes sure that predicates are named properly.
Example:
# bad
def is_even?(value)
end
# good
def even?(value)
end
# bad
def has_value?
end
# good
def value?
end
Use !empty?
instead of size > 0
. Open
if tags_out_of_order.size > 0
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for numeric comparisons that can be replaced by a predicate method, such as receiver.length == 0, receiver.length > 0, receiver.length != 0, receiver.length < 1 and receiver.size == 0 that can be replaced by receiver.empty? and !receiver.empty.
Example:
# bad
[1, 2, 3].length == 0
0 == "foobar".length
array.length < 1
{a: 1, b: 2}.length != 0
string.length > 0
hash.size > 0
# good
[1, 2, 3].empty?
"foobar".empty?
array.empty?
!{a: 1, b: 2}.empty?
!string.empty?
!hash.empty?
Use tags_out_of_order.size.positive?
instead of tags_out_of_order.size > 0
. Open
if tags_out_of_order.size > 0
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for usage of comparison operators (==
,
>
, <
) to test numbers as zero, positive, or negative.
These can be replaced by their respective predicate methods.
The cop can also be configured to do the reverse.
The cop disregards #nonzero?
as it its value is truthy or falsey,
but not true
and false
, and thus not always interchangeable with
!= 0
.
The cop ignores comparisons to global variables, since they are often
populated with objects which can be compared with integers, but are
not themselves Interger
polymorphic.
Example: EnforcedStyle: predicate (default)
# bad
foo == 0
0 > foo
bar.baz > 0
# good
foo.zero?
foo.negative?
bar.baz.positive?
Example: EnforcedStyle: comparison
# bad
foo.zero?
foo.negative?
bar.baz.positive?
# good
foo == 0
0 > foo
bar.baz > 0
Prefer using YAML.safe_load
over YAML.load
. Open
private_attrs = YAML.load(private_version_serialized)
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for the use of YAML class methods which have potential security issues leading to remote code execution when loading from an untrusted source.
Example:
# bad
YAML.load("--- foo")
# good
YAML.safe_load("--- foo")
YAML.dump("foo")
Avoid rescuing without specifying an error class. Open
rescue
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- Exclude checks
This cop checks for rescuing StandardError
. There are two supported
styles implicit
and explicit
. This cop will not register an offense
if any error other than StandardError
is specified.
Example: EnforcedStyle: implicit
# `implicit` will enforce using `rescue` instead of
# `rescue StandardError`.
# bad
begin
foo
rescue StandardError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue OtherError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError, SecurityError
bar
end
Example: EnforcedStyle: explicit (default)
# `explicit` will enforce using `rescue StandardError`
# instead of `rescue`.
# bad
begin
foo
rescue
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue OtherError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError, SecurityError
bar
end
Use a guard clause instead of wrapping the code inside a conditional expression. Open
unless !force_privacy && file_private === false
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- Exclude checks
Use a guard clause instead of wrapping the code inside a conditional expression
Example:
# bad
def test
if something
work
end
end
# good
def test
return unless something
work
end
# also good
def test
work if something
end
# bad
if something
raise 'exception'
else
ok
end
# good
raise 'exception' if something
ok
Unused method argument - block
. If it's necessary, use _
or _block
as an argument name to indicate that it won't be used. You can also write as without_saving_private(*)
if you want the method to accept any arguments but don't care about them. Open
def without_saving_private(&block)
- Read upRead up
- Exclude checks
This cop checks for unused method arguments.
Example:
# bad
def some_method(used, unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Example:
# good
def some_method(used, _unused, _unused_but_allowed)
puts used
end
Avoid rescuing without specifying an error class. Open
rescue
- Read upRead up
- Exclude checks
This cop checks for rescuing StandardError
. There are two supported
styles implicit
and explicit
. This cop will not register an offense
if any error other than StandardError
is specified.
Example: EnforcedStyle: implicit
# `implicit` will enforce using `rescue` instead of
# `rescue StandardError`.
# bad
begin
foo
rescue StandardError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue OtherError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError, SecurityError
bar
end
Example: EnforcedStyle: explicit (default)
# `explicit` will enforce using `rescue StandardError`
# instead of `rescue`.
# bad
begin
foo
rescue
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue OtherError
bar
end
# good
begin
foo
rescue StandardError, SecurityError
bar
end