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uses}}\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}\n{{Coord|34|S|64|W|display=title}}\n{{Infobox
country\n|coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}}\n|conventional_long_name
= Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]]
gives equal recognition to the names \"United Provinces of the River Plate\",
\"Argentine Republic\" and \"Argentine Confederation\" and using \"Argentine
Nation\" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.
35}}}}\n|native_name = {{native name|es|Rep\u00fablica Argentina}}\n|image_flag
= Flag of Argentina.svg\n|image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg\n|common_name
= Argentina\n|national_motto = {{unbulleted list\n |list_style=line-height:125%;\n |
{{native phrase|es|\"[[En uni\u00f3n y libertad]]\"|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n |
{{small|(\"In Unity and Freedom\")}}\n }}\n|national_anthem = {{unbulleted
list\n |item1_style=line-height:125%;\n |item2_style=line-height:125%;\n |item3_style=margin-top:4px;\n |
{{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}}\n |
{{small|(\"Argentine National Anthem\")}}\n | <center>[[File:Himno Nacional
Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</center>\n }}\n|other_symbol = [[File:Sol de
Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]\n|other_symbol_type
= {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: \"In
the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its
demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds
and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one
accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin
of the \"sun of May\" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag
and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.\"|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=:
\"The sun''s features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun
commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810,
during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.\"}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br
/>{{small|(Sun of May)}}\n|image_map = Argentina (orthographic projection).svg\n|map_width
= 220px\n|map_caption = Argentina shown in dark green; claimed but unrecognised
territories shown in light green.\n|capital = [[Buenos Aires]]\n|largest_city
= capital\n|languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national
language}} \n|languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a|}}\n|languages2_type
= Regional languages\n|languages2 = \n{{nowrap|[[Guaran\u00ed language|Guaran\u00ed]]
in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]];<ref name=gn/>}}\n[[Toba Qom language|Qom]],
[[Mocov\u00ed language|Mocov\u00ed]] and [[Wich\u00ed language|Wichi]] in
[[Chaco Province|Chaco]]<ref name=kom/>\n|demonym = {{unbulleted list\n |[[Argentines|Argentine]]\n |Argentinian\n |{{nowrap|Argentinean
{{small|(uncommon)}}}}\n }}\n|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|74% [[Catholicism]] |15% Non-religious |8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |2%
Other |1% Islam<ref name=pewreport2014>{{cite book|title=Religion in Latin
America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|date=13 November
2014|publisher=Pew Research Center|pages=14, 162, 164|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|accessdate=28
July 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> }} \n|government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]]
[[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]\n|leader_title1
= [[President of Argentina|President]]\n|leader_name1 = [[Mauricio Macri]]\n|leader_title2
= [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]]\n|leader_name2 =
[[Gabriela Michetti]]\n|legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]\n|upper_house
= [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]\n|lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber
of Deputies]]\n|established_event1 = [[May Revolution]]\n|sovereignty_type
= [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]]\n|sovereignty_note = from
[[Spanish Empire|Spain]]\n|established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of
Independence|Declared]]\n|established_date1 = 25 May 1810\n|established_event3
= {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}}\n|established_date2 =
9 July 1816\n|established_date3 = 1 May 1853\n|area_km2 = 2780400\n|area_footnote
= {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine
Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including
the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}),
the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the
[[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).<ref name=totalpop>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS
|title=Poblaci\u00f3n por sexo e \u00edndice de masculinidad. Superficie censada
y densidad, seg\u00fan provincia. Total del pa\u00eds. A\u00f1o 2010 |work=Censo
Nacional de Poblaci\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC \u2013
Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010
|language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls
|archivedate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>}}\n|area_rank = 8th\n|percent_water
= 1.57\n|population_estimate = 43,417,000<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf
\"United Nations population prospects\"](PDF) 2015 revision</ref>\n|population_census
= 40,117,096<ref name=totalpop/>\n|population_estimate_year = 2015\n|population_estimate_rank
=\n|population_census_year = 2010\n|population_census_rank = 32nd\n|population_density_km2
= 14.4\n|pop_den_footnote = <ref name=totalpop/>\n|population_density_rank
= 212th\n|GDP_PPP = $879.447 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=13|title=Argentina|work=
World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>\n|GDP_PPP_year
= 2016\n|GDP_PPP_rank = 25th\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,170<ref name=imf2/>\n|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank
= 56th\n|GDP_nominal = $628.935 billion<ref name=imf2/>\n|GDP_nominal_year
= 2017\n|GDP_nominal_rank = 21st\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,425<ref name=imf2/>\n|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank
= 53rd\n|Gini = 42.7 <!--number only-->\n|Gini_year = 2014 <!-- use the year
to which the data refers, not the publication year-->\n|Gini_change = increase
<!--increase/decrease/steady-->\n|Gini_ref = <ref name=gini/>\n|Gini_rank
=\n|HDI = 0.827 <!--number only-->\n|HDI_year = 2015 <!-- use the year to
which the data refers, not the publication year-->\n|HDI_change = increase
<!--increase/decrease/steady-->\n|HDI_ref = <ref name=\"HDI\">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf
|title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017
|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>\n|HDI_rank = 45th\n|currency
= [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]])\n|currency_code = ARS\n|time_zone
= [[Time in Argentina|ART]]\n|utc_offset = \u22123\n|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy
([[Common Era|CE]])\n|drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b|}}\n|calling_code
= [[+54]]\n|cctld = [[.ar]]\n|footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared
official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only one used in
the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.\n|footnote_b
= {{note|note-train}}Trains driven on left.\n|area_magnitude = 1_E12\n}}\n\n''''''Argentina''''''
({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Argentina.ogg|\u02cc|\u0251r|d\u0292|\u0259n|\u02c8|t|i\u02d0|n|\u0259}};
{{IPA-es|a\u027exen\u02c8tina|lang}}), officially the ''''''Argentine Republic''''''{{efn-ua|name=altnames}}
({{lang-es|link=no|Rep\u00fablica Argentina}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|re\u02c8pu\u03b2lika
a\u027exen\u02c8tina|}} --> is a [[federal republic]] in the southern portion
of [[South America]]. Sharing the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with its neighbor
[[Chile]] to the west, the country is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]
to the north, [[Brazil]] to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic
Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. With a mainland
area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina
is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|eighth-largest
country]] in the world, the second largest in [[Latin America]], and the largest
[[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three
[[province]]s ({{lang-es|provincias}}, singular ''''provincia'''') and one
[[autonomous city]] (''''ciudad aut\u00f3noma''''), [[Buenos Aires]], which
is the [[federal capital]] of the nation ({{lang-es|Capital Federal|links=no}})
as decided by [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.
3}}\nThe provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist
under a [[federal system]].\n\nArgentina claims sovereignty over [[Argentine
Antarctica|part of Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland
Islands]] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|links=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South
Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands]]. The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day
Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}
The country has its roots in [[Spanish empire|Spanish colonization]] of the
region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the
successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:
\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution
of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus
turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component
of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\"|2a1=S\u00e1nchez
Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\u2013197|2ps=: \"The Argentine nation was a unity
in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution
of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,
but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally
affected by internal conflicts.\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \"[The Argentine
nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,
after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized
form in 1853\u20131860 under the Constitution.\"}} a Spanish [[viceroyalty|overseas
viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]]
and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810\u20131818)
was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted
until 1861, culminating in the country''s reorganization as a [[federation]]
of [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] with [[Buenos Aires]] as its capital
city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration
in Argentina|massive waves of European immigration]] radically reshaping its
cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity
led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world
by the early 20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}{{sfn|D\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}}\n\nAfter
1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic
crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment,<ref name=developed>{{cite
news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|work=The
Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a \"developing
country\". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archivedate=20
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen
richest countries until the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}}
Argentina retains its historic status as a [[middle power]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}
in international affairs, and is a prominent [[regional power]] in the Southern
Cone and Latin America.{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:
\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)
include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia
and Argentina.\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \"The US has created a foundation
upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop
their own rules for further managing regional relations.\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:
\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar
to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities
of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil
and Argentina.\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \"Though not a surprise, the
position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest
opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the
UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:
\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it
included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the
G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging
markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\"}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:
\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern
Cone in the Twentieth Century.\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \"The
southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional
powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:
\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil
and Argentina.\"}} Argentina has the second largest economy in [[South America]],
the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the [[Group of 15|G-15]]
and [[G-20]] major economies. It is also a founding member of the [[United
Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]],
[[Mercosur]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Community of Latin American
and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].
It is the country with the second highest [[Human Development Index]] in Latin
America with a rating of [[List of countries by Human Development Index#Americas|\"very
high\"]].<ref>[http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/human-development-report-2016_da5ff9c8-en#page11
Human Development Report 2016], Statistical Annex, Table 1, UNDP</ref> Because
of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector,<ref name=legatum>{{cite
web|url=http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|title=The 2010 Legatum
Prosperity Index|publisher=[[Legatum|Legatum Institute]]|place=London|year=2010|quote=[The
country has a] foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels
of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share
of total manufactured goods ... Argentina''s economy appears stable, but confidence
in financial institutions remains low.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023022/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=AR|archivedate=26
October 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Argentina is classified as an [[developing
country|upper-middle-income economy]] in the 2018 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country
and Lending Groups|publisher=}}</ref>\n\n==Name and etymology==\nThe description
of the country by the word ''''Argentina'''' has to be found on a [[Venice
(Italy)|Venice]] map in 1536.<ref>The name ''''Argentine'''' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm
El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm
|date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>\n\nIn English the name \"Argentina\" probably
comes from the [[Spanish language]], however the naming itself is not Spanish,
but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''''Argentina'''' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]]
''''argentino'''') means in Italian \"(made) of silver, silver coloured\",
probably borrowed from the [[French language|Old French]] adjective ''''argentine''''
\"(made) of silver\" > \"silver coloured\" already mentioned in the 12th century.<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/argentin
Etymology of ''''argentin / -e'''' (French)]</ref> The French word ''''argentine''''
is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form of ''''argentin'''' and derives
from ''''argent'''' \"silver\" with the [[suffix]] ''''-in'''' (same construction
as Old French ''''acerin'''' \"(made) of steel\", from ''''acier'''' \"steel\"
+ ''''-in'''' or ''''sapin'''' \"(made) of fir wood\", from OF ''''sap''''
\"fir\" + ''''-in''''). The Italian naming \"Argentina\" for the country implies
''''Argentina Terra'''' \"land of silver\" or ''''Argentina costa'''' \"coast
of silver\". In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used
in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''''l''Argentina''''
(It cannot be for the proper noun in French for example).\n\nThe name ''''Argentina''''
was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni
Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for \"silver\" are respectively
''''plata'''' and ''''prata'''' and \"(made) of silver\" is said ''''plateado''''
and ''''prateado''''. ''''Argentina'''' was first associated with the [[Sierra
de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European
explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}}\n\nThe
first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''''[[La Argentina
(poem)|La Argentina]]'''',{{efn-ua|The poem''s full name is ''''La Argentina
y conquista del R\u00edo de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos
del Per\u00fa, Tucum\u00e1n y estado del Brasil''''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Mart\u00edn
del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}}\nAlthough
\"Argentina\" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country
was formally named \"Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata\" by the Spanish
Empire, and \"United Provinces of the R\u00edo de la Plata\" after independence.\n\nThe
[[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use
of the name \"Argentine Republic\" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of
Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}}\nThe name \"Argentine Confederation\" was also
commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}}\nIn 1860 a presidential decree settled the
country''s name as \"Argentine Republic\",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and
that year''s constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally
valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also
stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957,
1972 and 1994 (current)}}\n\nIn the [[English language]] the country was traditionally
called \"the Argentine\", mimicking the typical Spanish usage ''''la Argentina''''<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition
of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford
Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archivedate=5
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening
of the fuller name ''Argentine Republic''. ''The Argentine'' fell out of fashion
during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is simply referred
to as \"Argentina\".\n\nIn the [[Spanish language]] \"Argentina\" is [[Grammatical
gender|feminine]] (\"''''La [Rep\u00fablica] Argentina''''\"), taking the
feminine [[article (grammar)|article]] \"La\" as the initial syllable of \"Argentina\"
is [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]].<ref>[http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/defart2.htm
\"The Definite Article: Part II\"], Study Spanish</ref>\n\n==History==\n{{main
article|History of Argentina}}\n\n===Pre-Columbian era===\n{{main article|Indigenous
peoples in Argentina}}\n[[File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Indigenous
cave artwork depicting hands.|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]]
in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous
artwork dating from 13,000\u20139,000 years ago|alt=Stencilled hands on the
cave''s wall]]\nThe earliest traces of human life in the area now known as
Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in
the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santill\u00e1n|1971|p=17}}\nUntil
the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated
by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}
which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\u00e1n|1971|pp=18\u201319}}
The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of
[[pottery]], such as the [[Selknam]] and [[Yaghan]] in the extreme south.
The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the
[[Puelche]], [[Querand\u00ed]] and Serranos in the center-east; and the [[Tehuelche
people|Tehuelche]] in the south\u2014all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]]
spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}\u2014and the [[Kom people
(South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers
with pottery, like the [[Charr\u00faa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaran\u00ed people|Guaran\u00ed]]
in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary
existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading
culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around
1480; the [[Toconot\u00e9]] and [[Comechingones|H\u00ean\u00eea and K\u00e2m\u00eeare]]
in the country''s center, and the [[Huarpe]] in the center-west, a culture
that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}}\n\n===Colonial
era===\n{{main article|Colonial Argentina}}\n{{see also|Spanish colonization
of the Americas}}\n[[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Painting
showing the surrender during the British invasions of the R\u00edo de la Plata.|The
surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions
of the R\u00edo de la Plata]]]]\nEuropeans first arrived in the region with
the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish
navigators [[Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian
Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}}
In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]],
which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129\u2013132}}\n\nFurther colonization
efforts came from [[Paraguay]]\u2014establishing the [[Governorate of the
R\u00edo de la Plata]]\u2014[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\u00e1n|1971|pp=96\u2013140}}\n[[Francisco
de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]]
in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]],
in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n]],
in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa
Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jer\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[C\u00f3rdoba,
Argentina|C\u00f3rdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south
to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San
Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}}\n\nThe [[Spanish Empire]]
subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate
wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it
became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty
of the R\u00edo de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}}\n\nBuenos
Aires repelled [[British invasions of the R\u00edo de la Plata|two ill-fated
British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of
the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]]
generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country.
As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand
VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santill\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\n\n===Independence
and civil wars===\n{{main article|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine
Civil Wars}}\n[[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait
of General [[Jos\u00e9 de San Martin]], ''''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]''''
of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Mart\u00edn holding
the Argentine flag]]\nBeginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge
as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=:
\"[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution
of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus
turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component
of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.\"|2a1=S\u00e1nchez
Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196\u2013197|2ps=: \"The Argentine nation was a unity
in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution
of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states,
but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally
affected by internal conflicts.\"|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: \"[The Argentine
nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which,
after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized
form in 1853\u20131860 under the Constitution.\"}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]]
replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First
Junta]], a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.{{sfn|Abad de
Santill\u00e1n|1971|pp=194ff}}\nIn the first clashes of the Independence War
the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution
in C\u00f3rdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the
[[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay
campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82\u201383}}\n\nRevolutionaries
split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and
the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]\u2014a move that would define Argentina''s
first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\u201340}} The [[Assembly
of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina''s
first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the R\u00edo de la Plata|Supreme
Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39\u201340}}\n\nIn 1816 the [[Congress of Tucum\u00e1n]]
formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}}
One year later General [[Mart\u00edn Miguel de G\u00fcemes]] stopped royalists
on the north, and General [[Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn]] took an army [[Crossing
of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the [[independence of Chile]];
then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed
the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349\u2013353}}{{efn-ua|San
Mart\u00edn''s military campaigns, together with those of [[Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar]]
in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars
of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185\u2013252}}}} In 1819
Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]]
that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}}\n\nThe
1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists
and the Federalists, resulted in the ''''end of the Supreme Director rule''''.
In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist
constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first
president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against
him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}}
Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and
formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}}
During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the R\u00edo de la Plata|French
blockade]] (1838\u20131840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836\u20131839),
and a combined [[Anglo-French blockade of the R\u00edo de la Plata|Anglo-French
blockade]] (1845\u20131850), but remained undefeated and prevented further
loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46\u201347}} His trade restriction
policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo Jos\u00e9
de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him
out of power]]. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the
[[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos
Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated
in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48\u201350}}\n\n===Rise
of the modern nation===\n{{main article|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation
of ''80}}\n{{see also|Argentine\u2013Chilean naval arms race|South American
dreadnought race}}\n[[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The
people gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May
Revolution]].|alt=]]\nOverpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pav\u00f3n]],
[[Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected
as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo
Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicol\u00e1s Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies
set up the bases of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
I|pp=363\u2013541}} [[File:Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n Argentina 1910
Buenos Aires, Fiesta del Centenario en Buenos Aires, la Infanta Isabel de
Borb\u00f3n revistando las tropas.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Argentina Centennial]]
was celebrated on 25 May 1910.|alt=]]\n\nStarting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]]
in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal
economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European
immigration]] they promoted\u2014second only to the United States''\u2014led
to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed
the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed
nation{{sfn|D\u00edaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world.\nDriven by this [[immigration]]
wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and
the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18\u201330}} from 1870 to 1910 Argentina''s
[[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per
year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}}
per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88\u201389}} placing Argentina as one of the world''s
top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|D\u00edaz
Alejandro|1970|pp=2\u20133}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public,
compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] skyrocketed
from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would
reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]]
grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]]
between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|D\u00edaz
Alejandro|1970|pp=2\u20133}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top
25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada
and The Netherlands to reach 7th place\u2014behind Switzerland, New Zealand,
Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina''s
per capita income was 70% higher than Italy''s, 90% higher than Spain''s,
180% higher than Japan''s and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]''s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van
Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet
its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567\u2013625}}
after steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s,
a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor-intensive in the
1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37\u201338}}\n\nIn 1912, President [[Roque S\u00e1enz
Pe\u00f1a]] enacted [[Saenz Pe\u00f1a Law|universal and secret male suffrage]],
which allowed [[Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]]
(or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He
enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms
and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second
administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great
Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7\u2013178}}\n\n===Infamous
Decade===\n{{main article|Infamous Decade}}\nIn 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine
coup d''\u00e9tat|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[Jos\u00e9
F\u00e9lix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest
countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d''\u00e9tat]]
marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the
country back into underdevelopment.<ref name=developed/> [[File:Museo del
Bicentenario - \"Retrato de Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n y Eva Duarte\", Numa Ayrinhac.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Painting
of Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n.|Official presidential portrait of [[Juan Domingo
Per\u00f3n]] and his wife [[Eva Per\u00f3n]], 1948|alt=]]\n\nUriburu ruled
for two years; then [[Agust\u00edn Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine
general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman
Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War
II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British
support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl
Harbor]]. A new [[Revolution of ''43|military coup toppled the government]],
and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the [[end of
World War II in Europe]]. The minister of welfare, [[Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n]],
was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers. His liberation
was forced by a [[Loyalty Day (Argentina)|massive popular demonstration]],
and he went on to win the [[Argentine general election, 1946|1946 election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=181\u2013302}}\n\n===Peronism===\n{{main article|Peronism}}\nPer\u00f3n
created a political movement known as Peronism. He [[nationalization|nationalized]]
strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions,
paid the full [[external debt]] and achieved nearly [[full employment]]. The
economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His
highly popular wife, [[Eva Per\u00f3n]], played a central political role.
She pushed Congress to enact [[women''s suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}}
and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors
of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} However, her declining health did
not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer
the following year. Per\u00f3n [[Argentine general election, 1951|was reelected
in 1951]], even surpassing his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy [[bombing
of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in an ill-fated attempt to kill
the President. A few months later, during the self-called [[Revoluci\u00f3n
Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he resigned and went into [[exile]]
in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303\u2013351}}\n\nThe new head
of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism
and banned all of its manifestations; nevertheless, Peronists kept an organized
underground. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the UCR won the [[Argentine general
election, 1958|following elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353\u2013379}}
He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency,
reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted Peronism proscription; yet
his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him
the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}}
But Senate Chief [[Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied
the anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, becoming president instead; elections
were repealed and Peronism proscribed again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine
general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led to an overall increase in
prosperity; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow
in 1966 by the [[Juan Carlos Ongan\u00eda]]-led [[coup d''\u00e9tat]] called
the [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought
to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381\u2013422}}\n{{clear}}\n\n===Dirty
War===\n{{main article|Dirty War}}\nThe \"Dirty War\" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}})
was part of [[Operation Condor]], for which the United States government provided
technical support and supplied military aid to during the [[Presidency of
Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency
of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency
of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations. The Dirty War involved [[state
terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the [[Southern Cone]] against political
dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence
against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to
be associated with socialism.<ref>''''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'''',
Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007</ref><ref>''''Revolutionizing
Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'''', Marguerite Guzm\u00e1n Bouvard,
p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=
\"Argentina''s Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism\"], ''''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'''',
7 March 1976</ref> Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an
estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade
unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina''s
Dirty War}}</ref> and alleged sympathizers.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003662_2.html
\"Orphaned in Argentina''s dirty war, man is torn between two families\"],
''''The Washington Post'''', 11 February 2010</ref> Some 10,000 of the \"disappeared\"
were believed to be guerrillas of the [[Montoneros]] (MPM), and the Marxist
[[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary Army]]
(ERP).<ref name=\"elmundo.es\">{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html
|title=El ex l\u00edder de los Montoneros entona un \"mea culpa\" parcial
de su pasado|work=El Mundo|date=4 May 1995|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223183945/http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html
|archivedate=23 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=\"Cedema.org\">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713
|title=A 32 a\u00f1os de la ca\u00edda en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho
y la Direcci\u00f3n Hist\u00f3rica del PRT-ERP |publisher=Cedema.org}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1YZy_x-hQoC&pg=PA626&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false
''''''''Determinants Of Gross Human Rights Violations By State And State-Sponsored
Actors In Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, And Argentina (1960\u20131990)'''']'', Wolfgang
S. Heinz & Hugo Fr\u00fchling, p. 626, Springer, 1999, Google Books</ref>
The guerrillas were responsible for causing at least 6,000 casualties among
the military, police forces and civilian population according to a ''''National
Geographic Magazine'''' article in the mid-1980s.<ref>''''National Geographic'''',
Volume 170, p. 247, National Geographic Society, 1986</ref> The disappeared
ones were considered to be a political or ideological threat to the military
junta and their disappearances an attempt to silence the opposition and break
the determination of the guerillas.<ref name=\"Robben\">{{cite news|last=Robben|first=Antonius
C. G. M.|title=Anthropology at War?: What Argentina''s Dirty War Can Teach
Us|url=http://www.anthrosource.net.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/abstract.aspx?issn=1541-6151&volume=46&issue=6&SuppNo=0&article=244365&jstor=False&cyear=2005&error=pdfAccessDenied|accessdate=20
October 2013|newspaper=Anthropology News|date=September 2005}}</ref>\n[[File:Ra\u00fal
Alfonsin.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Photo of Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn.|[[Ra\u00fal
Alfons\u00edn]], first democratically elected president following the [[National
Reorganization Process|military government]].|alt=]]\n\nDeclassified documents
of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the [[Batall\u00f3n
de Inteligencia 601]] of 22,000 killed or \"disappeared\" between 1975 and
mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later revealed 8,625 \"disappeared\"
in the form of PEN (''''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'''', anglicized as \"National
Executive Power\") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps
throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<ref>''''Political
Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina'''',
Anthony W. Pereira, p. 134, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005</ref> The
number of people believed to have been killed or \"disappeared\", depending
on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983,
when the military was forced from power following Argentina''s defeat in the
[[Falklands War]].<ref name=\"The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009\">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/obituary-raul-alfonsin
Obituary] ''''The Guardian'''', Thursday 2 April 2009</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Estimate
of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion|date=July 1978|publisher=DINA
Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina|pages=A8|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf}}</ref>
The [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] estimates that
around 13,000 were disappeared.<ref name=\"edant.clarin.com\">[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm
\"Una duda hist\u00f3rica: no se sabe cu\u00e1ntos son los desaparecidos\"],
''''Clarin'''', 10 June 2003</ref>\n\nAfter democratic government was restored,
Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims'' families.
Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received
up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones
during the military dictatorship.<ref name=\"Wright, Thomas C. p. 158\">Wright,
Thomas C. ''''State terrorism in Latin America'''', p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield,
2007</ref>\n\nThe exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]]
is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war started
in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and
Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969, and individual cases of [[state-sponsored
terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the [[Bombing
of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of
the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] since 1973, and [[Isabel Mart\u00ednez
de Per\u00f3n]]''s \"annihilation decrees\" against left-wing guerrillas during
''''[[Operativo Independencia]]'''' (translates to Operation of Independence)
in 1975, have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty
War.\n\nOngan\u00eda shut down Congress, banned all political parties and
dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two
massive protests: the ''''[[Cordobazo]]'''' and the ''''[[Rosariazo]]''''.
The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed
Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro
Agust\u00edn Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let
[[H\u00e9ctor Jos\u00e9 C\u00e1mpora]] be the Peronist candidate instead of
Per\u00f3n. C\u00e1mpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March
1973 election]], issued a [[amnesty|pardon]] for condemned guerrilla members
and then secured Per\u00f3n''s return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=423\u2013465}}\n\nOn the day Per\u00f3n returned to Argentina, the clash
between Peronist internal factions\u2014[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]]
youth from Montoneros\u2014resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. C\u00e1mpora
resigned, overwhelmed by political violence, and Per\u00f3n won the [[Argentine
general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third
wife [[Isabel Mart\u00ednez de Per\u00f3n|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion
of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76\u201377}}
and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez
Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against
them and the [[People''s Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People''s Revolutionary
Army]] (ERP).\nPer\u00f3n died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,
who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to \"annihilate\"
the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping
ERP''s attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucum\u00e1n province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}}
[[March 1976 coup|Isabel Per\u00f3n was ousted]] one year later by a junta
of the three armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They
initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''''Proceso''''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=467\u2013504}}\n\nThe ''''Proceso'''' shut down Congress, removed the
judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted
to the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone
believed to be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros
had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. A severely
weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly annihilated,
ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then
head of state General [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] launched [[Operation Rosario]],
which escalated into the [[Falklands War]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Guerra de Malvinas}});
within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. [[Reynaldo
Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic
rule.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505\u2013532}}\n\n===Contemporary era===\n{{main
article|Argentine economic crisis (1999\u20132002)|Kirchnerism}}\n[[File:Presidenta
Cristina Fernandez y diputado Nestor Kirchner.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Photograph
of Cristina Kirchner.|[[Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez]] and [[N\u00e9stor Kirchner]]
during the ''''[[Argentina Bicentennial|Bicentenario]]''''. The couple occupied
the presidency of Argentina for 12 years, him from 2003 to 2007 and her from
2007 to 2015.]]\n[[Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn]] won the [[Argentine general election,
1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible
for [[human rights]] violations during the ''''Proceso'''': the [[Trial of
the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup''s leaders but,
under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and
[[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29
December 1986|bo=26058}}</ref><ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June
1987|bo=26155}}</ref> which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of
command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his
popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general
election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots
forced Alfons\u00edn to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=533\u2013549}}\n\nMenem embraced [[neo-liberalism|neo-liberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}}
a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]],
[[privatization]]s and dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers
normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been
sentenced during Alfons\u00edn''s government. The [[1994 amendment of the
Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine
general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. The economy began to
decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession;{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}}
led by [[Fernando de la R\u00faa]], the UCR returned to the presidency in
the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=551\u2013573}}\n[[File:Presidente Macri en el Sill\u00f3n de Rivadavia.jpg|thumb|right|230px|alt=Photograph
of Mauricio Macri.|[[Mauricio Macri]], incumbent President of Argentina|alt=]]\n\nDe
la R\u00faa kept Menem''s economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which
led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} A massive
[[capital flight]] was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]],
generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December
2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575\u2013587}}
Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who abrogated
the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}}
causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings. By
the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of
two ''''[[piquetero]]s'''' by the police caused political commotion, prompting
Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[N\u00e9stor
Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol.
II|pp=587\u2013595}}\n\nBoosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic
policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended
the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and
steep GDP growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration
Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]]
with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts
with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}}
purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}}
[[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,<ref>{{cite
Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The
Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.<ref>{{cite
Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}</ref>}} ruled them
as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas'' crimes.
He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife,
senator [[Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general
election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597\u2013626}}
and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]].\n\nOn 22 November
2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential
elections on 25 October]], [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in
Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina''s history, beating [[Front for Victory]]
candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect. Macri is the first
democratically elected non-[[Radical Civic Union|radical]] or [[Justicialist
Party|peronist]] president since 1916.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio
Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22
November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es}}</ref> He took office on 10
December 2015. In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]]
introduced austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and public
deficits.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunci\u00f3
medidas para amortiguar la inflaci\u00f3n|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|accessdate=25
June 2016|work=Clar\u00edn|language=spanish}}</ref>\n\n==Geography==\n{{main
article|Geography of Argentina}}\n[[File:Aconcagua fjell.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Mountain
tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest
mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point
in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name=\"UNC-Sigma\">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros
|title=Informe cient\u00edfico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de Am\u00e9rica
mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans_title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua,
the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros
|archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }}</ref> |alt=]]\nWith a mainland surface
area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina
is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders
with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;<ref>{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}:
\"The Andes Mountains form the \"backbone\" of Argentina along the western
border with Chile.\"</ref> Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the
northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;<ref name=igngeo>{{cite
web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rub\u00e9n|title=Informaci\u00f3n
geogr\u00e1fica de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina|trans_title=Geographic information
of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional|place=Buenos
Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archivedate=31
October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}}
for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal
border over the [[R\u00edo de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}}
long.<ref name=igngeo/>\n\nArgentina''s highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in
the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),<ref
name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas
|last=Albanese |first=Rub\u00e9n |title=Alturas y Depresiones M\u00e1ximas
en la Rep\u00fablica Argentina |trans_title=Maximum peaks and lows in the
Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional |place=Buenos
Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas
|archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> also the highest point
in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\nThe
lowest point is [[Laguna del Carb\u00f3n]] in the ''''San Juli\u00e1n Great
Depression'''' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}}
below sea level,<ref name=ignmax/> also the lowest point in the Southern and
Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David
K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology \u2013 Geoscience News and
Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nThe northernmost point is at the confluence
of the [[R\u00edo Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and R\u00edo Mojinete
rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San P\u00edo]] in
[[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost
is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is
within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.<ref name=igngeo/>\nThe
maximum north\u2013south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while
the maximum east\u2013west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=igngeo/>\n\nSome
of the major rivers are the [[Paran\u00e1 River|Paran\u00e1]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]\u2014which
join to form the R\u00edo de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado
River, Argentina|Salado]], [[R\u00edo Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa
Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo
River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5,
7\u20138, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]],
the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually
wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters
are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and
the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}}\n\n===Regions===\n{{main
article|Regions of Argentina}}\nArgentina is divided into seven geographical
regions:{{efn-ua|name=excl_subdiv|This regional subdivision does not include
[[Argentine Antarctica]] claims.}}\n* [[Argentine Northwest|Northwest]], a
continuation of the high [[Altiplano|Puna]] with even higher, more rugged
[[topography]] to the far-west;{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=16}} the arid ''''precordillera'''',
filled with narrow valleys or ''''quebradas'''' to the mid-west;{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}
and an extension of the mountainous [[Yungas]] jungles to the east.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=209}}\n*
[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]], a [[subtropical climate|subtropical]]
wedge covering the western ''''Paran\u00e1 Plateau'''' and neighboring lowlands
enclosed by the Paran\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}}\n*
[[Gran Chaco]], a large, subtropical and [[tropical climate|tropical]] low-lying,
gently sloping alluvial plain{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}} between Mesopotamia
and the Andes.\n* [[Sierras Pampeanas]], a series of medium-height mountain
chains located in the center.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 157}}\n* [[Cuyo,
Argentina|Cuyo]], a basin and range area in the central Andes [[foothills|piedmont]],
to the west.{{sfn|Crooker|2009|p=32}}\n* [[Pampas]], a massive and hugely
fertile [[alluvial plain]] located in the center east.{{sfnm|1a1=Young|1y=2005|1p=52|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=5}}\n*
[[Patagonia]], a large southern [[plateau]] consisting mostly of arid, rocky
[[steppe]]s{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} to the east; with moister cold [[grassland]]s
to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=44}}\n<gallery
mode=packed heights=135 style=\"font-size:88%;line-height:120%\">\nCamino
a las Sierras de C\u00f3rdoba 2009-11.jpg|[[Pampas]]\nCasa y monta\u00f1a.jpg
|[[Sierras Pampeanas]]\nYaboti.jpg|[[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]]\nCordillera
Las Le\u00f1as.jpg|[[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]\nPilcomayo rio.jpg|[[Gran Chaco]]\nCamino
al Cerro de los 14 Colores - Humahuaca Cerro Hornocal.JPG|Northwest [[Altiplano|Puna]]\nQuebrada
de Cafayete, NW Argentina (7022624651).jpg|Northwest [[Calchaqu\u00ed Valleys|Valleys]]\nYungas.jpg|Northwest
[[Yungas]]\nUpsala Glacier 3.jpg| Western [[Patagonia]]\nLaguna de los Tres
color.jpg|Eastern Patagonia\nBariloche view.jpg|Northwest Patagonia\n</gallery>\n\n===Biodiversity===\n{{main
article|Environment of Argentina}}\n{{Multiple image\n|align =right\n|direction=vertical\n|width
=210\n|image1= James''s Flamingo mating ritual.jpg\n|caption1=[[James''s flamingo|Puna
Flamenco]], typical of the Northwest region of [[Altiplano|Puna]]. \n|image2=
Perito Moreno Oberfl\u00e4che.jpg\n|caption2=High precipitation along with
cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the [[Perito
Moreno Glacier]]\n}}\nArgentina is a [[biodiversity|megadiverse country]]<ref
name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina
\u2013 Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal,
Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19
October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]]
varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 3 oceanic zones, and the Antarctic
region are all represented in its territory.<ref name=cbd/>\nThis huge ecosystem
variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world''s largest:<ref
name=cbd/><ref name=wcmc>{{cite web|title=Biodiversity 2005|publisher=UNEP\u2013WCMC
\u2013 World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment
Programme|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2005}}</ref>\n* 9,372 cataloged [[vascular
plant]] species (ranked 24th){{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s
and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.<ref
name=wcmc/>}}\n* 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th){{efn-ua|Includes
only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.<ref
name=wcmc/>}}\n* 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th){{efn-ua|Excludes
marine mammals.<ref name=wcmc/>}}\n* 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species
(ranked 16th)\n* 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th)\n\n===Climate===\n{{main
article|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}}\n\nAlthough the
most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina
has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,<ref name = FAO>{{cite web
|url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm
|title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=
Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> ranging
from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety|subpolar]]
in the far south.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm
|archivedate=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm
|title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |accessdate=21
August 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> The average annual precipitation
ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of Patagonia to over
{{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern
parts of the country.<ref name = FAO/> Mean annual temperatures range from
{{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.<ref
name=FAO />\n\nMajor wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing
on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front,
warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild
conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Sudestada]] usually moderates
cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.
It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in
the R\u00edo de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}}\nThe [[Zonda
wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central
Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent
from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}},
fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the
Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''''viento blanco'''') conditions
usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}}\n\n==Politics==\n{{main
article|Politics of Argentina}}\n\n===Government===\n{{main article|Government
of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}}\n\n[[File:Casa de Gobierno
002.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of
Argentina|President]].]]\n\nArgentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional
republic]] and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.
1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks
and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country''s
supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos
Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal
suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages
16 and 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina
lowers its voting age to 16|work=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.
C.|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>}}\n\nThe federal government is composed of
three branches:\n\nThe [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the
[[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]
and [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputy]] chambers, which makes [[federal
law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and
has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove
sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.
53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting
members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces
by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45,
47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos
Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators
represents the provinces, has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year
terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are
up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts.
54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must
be women.\n[[File:Front square of Palace of the Argentine National Congress
- Vorplatz des Palastes des argentinischen National Congress (29740160561).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Palace
of Congress (Argentina)|Congressional Palace]], seat of the [[Argentine Congress|Congress]].]]\n\nIn
the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]]
is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative
bills]] before they become law\u2014subject to Congressional override\u2014and
appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers,
who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of
Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]]
by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office
no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}}\n\nThe
[[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme
Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial
review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and
the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President\u2014subject
to Senate approval\u2014who serve for life. The lower courts'' judges are
proposed by the [[Council of Magistrates of the Nation|Council of Magistrates]]
(a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers,
the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate
approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}}\n\n===Provinces===\n{{main
article|Provinces of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentine provinces by
population}}\n{{Argentina imagemap with province names|float=right|size=300px}}\nArgentina
is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos
Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments
of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]],
except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos
Aires|partido]]s. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes
of Buenos Aires|communes]].\n\nProvinces hold all the power that they chose
not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.
121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=arts. 5\u20136}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they
enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}}
freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art.
122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=arts. 124\u2013125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures,
while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not
a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]],
and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has
its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and
Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal
capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}}\n\nDuring
the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides
became provinces though the intervention of their [[cabildo (council)|cabildos]].
The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen
provinces. Jujuy seceded from [[Salta Province|Salta]] in 1834, and the thirteen
provinces became fourteen.\nAfter seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted
the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and was made a federal territory
in 1880.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n\nAn 1862 law designated as [[national
territory|national territories]] those under federal control but outside the
frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment
of the [[governorate]]s of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu\u00e9n,
R\u00edo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}}\nThe
agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the [[National
Territory of Los Andes]]; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and
[[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] in 1943.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} [[La
Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did
so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuqu\u00e9n Province|Neuqu\u00e9n]],
[[R\u00edo Negro Province|R\u00edo Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and
Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became
the [[Tierra del Fuego, Ant\u00e1rtida e Islas del Atl\u00e1ntico Sur Province]]
in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}}\n\n===Foreign relations===\n{{main
article|Foreign relations of Argentina}}\n[[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Presidents
all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]]]]\n\nForeign
policy is officially handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International
Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]].\n\nAn
historical and current [[middle power]],{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}
Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]],{{sfn|Margheritis|2010|pp=15,
92}} human rights, [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international
cooperation]], [[disarmament]] and [[peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of
conflicts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm
|title=Argentina in Brief \u2013 Foreign Policy |publisher=Embassy of Argentina
in Australia |place=Canberra |year=2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426012112/http://www.argentina.org.au/foreign_policy.htm
|archivedate=26 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>\nThe country is one
of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and
a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
and [[Organization of American States|OAS]].\nIn 2012 [[United Nations Security
Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent
position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in
major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in
Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western
Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General
Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ''Symbol of Argentina''s
Commitment to Peace''|publisher=United Nations \u2013 Secretary General|place=New
York, NY, USA|date=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archivedate=5
June 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nA prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=:
\"Secondary regional powers in Huntington''s view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6)
include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia
and Argentina.\"|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: \"The US has created a foundation
upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop
their own rules for further managing regional relations.\"|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=:
\"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar
to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities
of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil
and Argentina.\"|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: \"Though not a surprise, the
position of Argentina, Brazil''s main regional partner, as the staunchest
opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the
UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil''s image as a regional leader.\"|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=:
\"When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it
included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the
G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging
markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.\"}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=:
\"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern
Cone in the Twentieth Century.\"|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: \"The
southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional
powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community.\"|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=:
\"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone''s rival regional powers, Brazil
and Argentina.\"}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization
of Ibero-American States|OEI]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean
States|CELAC]] and [[Union of South American Nations|UNASUR]], of which the
former president N\u00e9stor Kirchner was first [[Secretary General of UNASUR|Secretary
General]].\nIt is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country
has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block\u2014which
has some supranational legislative functions\u2014is its first international
priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}}\n\nArgentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}}
in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world''s oldest [[Orcadas
Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento
Naval Orcadas|trans_title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundaci\u00f3n Marambio|place=Buenos
Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2
December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic
Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]],
though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]],
of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member,
with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS \u2013 Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic
Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013}}</ref>\n\nArgentina [[Falkland
Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands
({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich
Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as
[[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]].\n\n===Armed forces===\n{{main
article|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}}\n[[File:Ejercito Argentino.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Argentine
Army]].]]\nThe President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine
Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation
between national defense and internal security systems:<ref>{{cite Argentine
law|l=23554 \u2013 Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref><ref
name=lsi>{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 \u2013 Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17
January 1992}}</ref>\n\nThe [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense
System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=arts. 125\u2013126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense
(Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]],
the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3
November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses'' Defense Committees,<ref
name=resdal>{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A
Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean \u2013 Argentina|publisher=RESDAL
\u2013 Red de Seguridad y Defensa de Am\u00e9rica Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8
May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> it is organized on the essential principle of
legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression
in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial
integrity.<ref name=resdal/> Its secondary missions include committing to
multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating
in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing
a sub-regional defense system.<ref name=resdal/>\n[[File:ARA Almirante Brown
D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown
(D-10)|ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10)]].<ref name=\"ARA Almirante Brown
(D-10)\">Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic,
[http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm
ARA ''''Almirante Brown'''' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.</ref>]]\n\n[[Military
service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and
no [[conscription]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA
World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3
November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Argentina''s defense has historically been
one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense
industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and
plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65\u201386}} However, real
military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget
in 2011 was about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina
\u2013 Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 SIPRI \u2013 Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and
International Security|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archivedate=6
September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> below the Latin American average.\n\nThe
[[Argentine Interior Security System|Interior Security System]], jointly administered
by the federal and subscribing provincial governments.<ref name=lsi/> At the
federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]]
and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress.<ref name=lsi/> It is enforced
by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval
Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine
National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and
the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].<ref>{{cite
Argentine law|d=18711 \u2013 Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}</ref>
At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security
ministries and enforced by local police agencies.<ref name=lsi/>\n\nArgentina
was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991
to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved
in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia
and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping
Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops
the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]]
in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops
in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat
engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded
in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]].\n\nIn 2007, an Argentine contingent
including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help
[[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.<ref>[http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209
Trabajo Conjunto en Bolivia]</ref> In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved
in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]]
and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian
responses after their respective earthquakes.\n\n==Economy==\n{{main article|Economy
of Argentina}}\n{{see also|Argentine foreign trade}}\n[[File:Puerto Madero
bs as.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Large city skyline.|[[Buenos Aires]] is the
second largest city in South America. It is one of the only three \"alpha\"
cities in Latin America.<ref name=gawc>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html
|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Loughborough University
|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html
|archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> and it''s the most visited city
in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos
|title=M\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\u00edsticos
favoritos |work=infobae |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos
|archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> It is also the 13th richest
city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/893054-buenos-aires-entre-las-ciudades-mas-ricas-del-mundo|title=Buenos
Aires, entre las ciudades m\u00e1s ricas del mundo|work=La Naci\u00f3n}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562
|title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562
|archivedate= 4 May 2011 |df= }}</ref> It has the highest per capita income
in the Southern Cone.<ref>http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid={C84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252F6D85B68}&pid={4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4243-A052-83ADBABE82DF}</ref>]]\n[[File:Bodega
chakana hacia la monta\u00f1a.jpg|thumb|left|190px|alt=Field|[[Agriculture
in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today
providing about 7% of all employment.<ref name=mecon>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/
|title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas P\u00fablicas - Hacienda, Finanzas,
Pol\u00edtica Econ\u00f3mica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos
P\u00fablicos, Informaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher=
|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/
|archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>]]\n\nBenefiting from rich [[natural
resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base,
and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin
America''s third-largest,<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges
in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New
York, NY, USA|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the second largest in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite
news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina''s
Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September
2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> It has a [[List of countries by Human
Development Index|\"very high\"]] rating on the Human Development Index<ref
name=\"HDI\"/> and a relatively [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|high
GDP per capita]],<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx|title=Argentina|work=
World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014|publisher=International Monetary
Fund|date=2 November 2014}}</ref> with a considerable [[internal market]]
size and a growing share of the high-tech sector.<ref name=legatum/>\n\n[[File:Oildriller.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil
driller.|[[YPF]] petroleum perforation in [[General Roca, Rio Negro|General
Roca]], [[Rio Negro Province]].]]\nA [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]]
and one of the world''s top developing nations,<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|format=PDF|title=Human
Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP \u2013 United Nations Development Program|place=New
York, NY, USA|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archivedate=25
July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being
Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.<ref name=undp2013/>}}
Argentina is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]]. Historically, however,
its economic performance has been very uneven, with high economic growth alternating
with severe recessions, income maldistribution and\u2014in the recent decades\u2014increasing
poverty. Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development,{{sfn|D\u00edaz
Alejandro|1970|p=1}} and became the world''s seventh richest country.{{sfn|Bolt|Van
Zanden|2013}} Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies
until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} it suffered a long and steady
decline and now it''s just an upper middle-income country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|title=Data\u2013Argentina|publisher=World
Bank|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404185925/http://data.worldbank.org/country/argentina|archivedate=4
April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nHigh [[inflation]]\u2014a weakness of the
Argentine economy for decades\u2014has become a trouble once again, with rates
in 2013 between the official 10.2% and the privately estimated 25%, causing
heated public debate over manipulated statistics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Brian|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|title=Argentina
minister ducks inflation question, causes stir|agency=Reuters|place=London|date=25
April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305030958/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/25/argentina-inflation-minister-idUSL2N0DC1J820130425|archivedate=5
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/donelietomeargentina
|title=Official statistics: Don''t lie to me, Argentina |work=The Economist
|place=London |date=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101054/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Far%2Fdonelietomeargentina
|archivedate= 7 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> [[Income distribution]],
having improved since 2002, is classified as \"medium\", still considerably
unequal.<ref name=gini>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR
|title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=
9 November 2016}}</ref>\n\nArgentina ranks 107th out of 175 countries in the
[[Transparency International]]''s 2014 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{cite
web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption
Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=4
January 2016}}</ref> While the country has settled most of its debts, it faces
a technical debt crisis since 31 July 2014. A New York judge blocked Argentina''s
payments to 93% of its bonds unless it pays to \"[[Vulture funds]]\" the full
value of the defaulted bonds they bought after its 2001 default. Argentina
vowed not to capitulate to what it considered the ransom tactics of the funds.<ref
name=\"ArgentinaBonds\">{{cite news|title=Hectic efforts on by Argentina to
avoid second default|url=http://www.argentinanews.net/index.php/sid/224277893/scat/d9ed072d737073b4/ht/Hectic-efforts-on-by-Argentina-to-avoid-second-default|accessdate=31
July 2014|publisher=Argentina News.Net}}</ref>\n\n===Industry===\n{{main article|Industry
in Argentina}}\n[[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atucha I Nuclear
Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant
in [[Latin America]].<ref>[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf
Brittle Power], p. 144.</ref> The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear
reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear
Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]]\n\n{{As
of|2012|alt=In 2012}} [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP\u2014the
largest goods-producing sector in the nation''s economy.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite
web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS
|title=Informaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica al D\u00eda \u2013 Nivel de Actividad
|publisher=Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Pol\u00edtica Macroecon\u00f3mica \u2013
Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Finanzas P\u00fablicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013
|language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls
|archivedate=10 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Well-integrated into
Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.<ref
name=infoeco1/>\n\nWith a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in
2011}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA
World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archivedate=10
March 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> the diversified manufacturing sector rests on
a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archivedate=3
December 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing
|title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital
Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing
|archivedate=9 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In
2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and
tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather;
[[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and
pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery;
home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording
and print media.<ref name=infoeco1/> In addition, Argentina has since long
been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.<ref name=infoeco1/>
However, it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances
of [[child labor]] and [[forced labor]] have been observed and mentioned in
a 2014 report published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]].<ref
name=ilab>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List
of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|publisher=}}</ref> The ILAB''s
''''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'''' shows that
many of the goods produced by child labor and/or forced labor comes from the
[[Agriculture in Argentina|agricultural sector]].<ref name=ilab/>\n\nC\u00f3rdoba
is Argentina''s major industrial center, hosting metalworking, motor vehicle
and auto parts manufactures. Next in importance are the [[Greater Buenos Aires]]
area (food processing, metallurgy, motor vehicles and auto parts, chemicals
and petrochemicals, consumer durables, textiles and printing); [[Rosario]]
(food processing, metallurgy, farm machinery, oil refining, chemicals, and
tanning); San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n (sugar refining); [[San Lorenzo, Santa
Fe|San Lorenzo]] (chemicals and pharmaceuticals); [[San Nicol\u00e1s de los
Arroyos]] (steel milling and metallurgy); and [[Ushuaia]] and [[Bah\u00eda
Blanca]] (oil refining).<ref name=eotn2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Industry|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101922/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-INDUSTRY.html|archivedate=27
September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>\nOther manufacturing enterprises are located
in the provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] (zinc and copper smelting,
and flour milling); Mendoza and Neuqu\u00e9n (wineries and fruit processing);
Chaco (textiles and sawmills); and Santa Cruz, Salta and Chubut (oil refining)<ref
name=eotn2/>\n\nThe electric output of Argentina {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}}
totaled over {{convert|122|TWh|abbr=on|lk=on}}, of which about 37% was consumed
by industrial activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=AR|title=Electricity/Heat
in Argentina in 2009|publisher=IEA \u2013 International Energy Agency|place=Paris|year=2009}}</ref>\n\n===Transport===\n{{main
article|Transport in Argentina}}\n{{Multiple image\n|align =left\n|direction=vertical\n|width
=215\n|image1=199 - Buenos Aires - A\u00e9roport international Ezeiza - Janvier
2010.jpg\n|caption1=\n|image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg\n|caption2=[[Ministro Pistarini
International Airport]] opened in 1949. It was at the time of its inauguration,
the largest airbase in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aerol\u00edneas Argentinas,
entre las compa\u00f1\u00edas a\u00e9reas m\u00e1s seguras|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201501/91141-aerolineas-companias-aereas-mas-seguras-del-mundo.html|accessdate=7
January 2015|work=Telam|date=7 January 2015}}</ref>\n}}\n\nArgentina has the
largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with
{{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}},
out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Railways|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7
April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos
Aires City, and connects with all neighboring countries.<ref name=eotn1>{{cite
web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27
September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]]
in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through
Buenos Aires.<ref name=eotn1/> The system has been in decline since the 1940s:
regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting
1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.<ref name=eotn1/> However, in recent
years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments
and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the
state, in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines, renewing rolling
stock and infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km
Desde hoy, toda la l\u00ednea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] - La Nacion, 09, February
2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/
Exitosa prueba en la renovada v\u00eda a Rosario] - EnElSubte, 09, March 2015</ref>
In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a
law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos|Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)]],
effectively re-nationalising the country''s railways, a move which saw support
from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html
Otro salto en la recuperaci\u00f3n de soberan\u00eda] - Pagina/12, 16 April
2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/
Es ley la creaci\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] - EnElSubte, 15 April
2015</ref><ref>[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php
Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeci\u00f3 a la oposici\u00f3n parlamentaria
por acompa\u00f1ar en su recuperaci\u00f3n] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php
|date=16 April 2015 }} - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April
2015</ref>\n\n[[File:200 Series at San Jos\u00e9 de Flores.jpg|thumb|210px|alt=Underground
railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in
[[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish
speaking world]].<ref>[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron
100 a\u00f1os del primer viaje en subte] - Ambito, 1 December 2013.</ref>]]\n{{As
of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia,
and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}}
of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archivedate=14
October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> Most important cities are linked by a growing
number of [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]], including [[Buenos Aires-La
Plata Highway|Buenos Aires\u2013La Plata]], [[Rosario-C\u00f3rdoba Highway|Rosario\u2013C\u00f3rdoba]],
C\u00f3rdoba\u2013Villa Carlos Paz, Villa Mercedes\u2013Mendoza, [[National
Route 14|National Route 14 ''''General Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas'''']] and
[[Provincial Route 2 (Buenos Aires)|Provincial Route 2 ''''Juan Manuel Fangio'''']],
among others.\nNevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate
and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the
railway system.<ref name=eotn1/>\n\n{{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were
about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archivedate=1
November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> mostly comprising the La Plata, Paran\u00e1,
Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Z\u00e1rate, Buenos Aires|Z\u00e1rate]],
[[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]]
and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s.\nSome of the
largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]\u2013[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]],
Bah\u00eda Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequ\u00e9n]]\u2013[[Necochea]],
[[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and
[[San Antonio Oeste]].\nBuenos Aires has historically been the most important
port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant:
stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paran\u00e1 river shore
in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}}
accounted for 50% of all exports.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were
161 airports with paved runways<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World
Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archivedate=1
November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> out of more than a thousand.<ref name=eotn1/>
The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from
downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest
in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguaz\u00fa International Airport|Cataratas
del Iguaz\u00fa]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El
Plumerillo]] in Mendoza.<ref name=eotn1/> [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos
Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24\u201325}}\n\n===Media
and communications===\n{{main article|Communications in Argentina}}\n[[File:Estudio
Pais1.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=TV Studio.|\"''''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of
the Argentines''''\" in [[TV P\u00fablica Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]],
the first television station in the country.|alt=]]\nPrint media industry
is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The
major national ones include ''''[[Clar\u00edn (Argentine newspaper)|Clar\u00edn]]''''
(centrist, Latin America''s best-seller and the second most widely circulated
in the Spanish-speaking world), ''''[[La Naci\u00f3n (Buenos Aires)|La Naci\u00f3n]]''''
(center-right, published since 1870), ''''[[P\u00e1gina/12]]'''' (leftist,
founded in 1987), the [[Buenos Aires Herald]] (Latin America''s most prestigious
English language daily, liberal, dating back to 1876), ''''[[La Voz del Interior]]''''
(center, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and
the ''''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'''' (German weekly, liberal, published
since 1878){{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}}\n\nArgentina began [[History of radio|the
world''s first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard
Wagner]]''s ''''[[Parsifal]]'''' was aired by a team of medical students led
by [[Enrique Tel\u00e9maco Susini]] in Buenos Aires'' [[Teatro Coliseo]].<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio
with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23
May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>{{sfn|Moore|1995}} {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there
were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered
radio stations in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|title=Argentina\u2013Infraestructura|publisher=Mi
Buenos Aires Querido|year=2002|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm|archivedate=23
July 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nThe [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]]
industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions
and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy
the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes
with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC \u2013 Latin American Network
Information Center|place=Austin, TX, USA|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archivedate=13
November 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the
country''s households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada
and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetraci\u00f3n
TV paga en hogares 2014 \u2013 Argentina|publisher=LAMAC \u2013 Latin American
Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL, USA|year=2014|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archivedate=2
May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\n{{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had
the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American
powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and 137.2%, mobile
phone subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South
America|publisher=IWS\u2013ITU \u2013 Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2
April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\n===Science and technology===\n{{Main article|Science
and technology in Argentina}}\n\n[[File:Aquarius SAC-D Launch.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Satellite
launching|[[SAC-D]] is an Argentine earth science [[satellite]] built by [[INVAP]]
and launched in 2011]]\n\nArgentines have three [[Nobel Prize]]s laureates
in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American among them,
discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating
[[glucose]] in animals. [[C\u00e9sar Milstein]] did extensive research in
[[antibody|antibodies]]. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy
converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental
in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s. Argentine research has led
to the treatment of [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo
Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] successfully
implanted in a human being in 1969. [[Ren\u00e9 Favaloro]] developed the techniques
and performed the world''s first ever coronary [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|bypass
surgery]].\n\nArgentina''s nuclear programme has been highly successful. In
1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build
a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]].
This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead
of simply buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina''s nuclear programme
conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear
facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia
and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing
weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s;
since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful
purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title=
Brazil and Argentina''s Nuclear Cooperation|author= Arg\u00fcello, Irma |date=
8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace}}</ref>
As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy
Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation
efforts<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background
Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov}}</ref> and is highly committed to global
nuclear security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm
|title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear
security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm
|archivedate=16 April 2010}}</ref> In 1974 it was the first country in Latin
America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear
Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine built parts for that station
amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely
built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage
of Argentine built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]],
finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha
II]] reactor a 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php
|title= Atucha III se construir\u00e1 con un 60% de componentes nacionales
|author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino|
language= Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php
|archivedate=5 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Macri sala limpia INVAP.jpg|thumb|right|190px|alt=Team
of astronauts|President Macri in the [[INVAP]] with the [[SAOCOM]] A and B, two
planned [[Earth observation satellite]] [[satellite constellation|constellation]]
of Argentine [[Space Agency]] [[CONAE]]. the scheduled launch dates for 1A
and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018.<ref name=\"CONAELaunchDateApril2016\">{{cite
web | first= | last= | url= http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2016/834-revision-saocom-abril2016
| title= Exitosa Revisi\u00f3n de la Misi\u00f3n SAOCOM | language=Spanish
| publisher=[[CONAE]] | accessdate= 27 April 2016 | date= 12 April 2016}}</ref>]]\n\nDespite
its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina
have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr.
[[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]]
as well as [[Ren\u00e9 Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of
the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on
the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer
science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology, and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]],
an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].\n\nSpace
research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built
satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), V\u00edctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language= Spanish|publisher=Asociaci\u00f3n
Argentina de Tecnolog\u00eda Espacial}}</ref> and those developed by [[CONAE]],
the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/
|title=''Argentine satellite SAC-D'' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento
24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/
|archivedate=23 March 2010}}</ref> Argentina has its own satellite programme,
nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company
[[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en
Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> Established in 1991,
the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite
Missions |publisher=CONAE |accessdate=25 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html
|archivedate= 4 February 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> in June 2009, secured an agreement
with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter
antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]],
the world''s foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html
|title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre
Auger Observatory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html
|archivedate=7 January 2009}}</ref> The facility will contribute to numerous
ESA space probes, as well as CONAE''s own, domestic research projects. Chosen
from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the
world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA
to ensure mission coverage around the clock <ref>[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670
Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina]. Buenos Aires
Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.</ref>\n\n===Tourism===\n{{Main
article|Tourism in Argentina}}\n\n[[Tourism]] in Argentina is characterized
by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The country
had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist
arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin
America]] after Mexico.<ref name=UNWTO2014>{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition
|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher= [[World Tourism
Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate= 27 April 2015}}</ref> Revenues from international
tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion
in 2012.<ref name=UNWTO2014 /> The country''s capital city, [[Buenos Aires]],
is the most visited city in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos
|title=M\u00e9xico DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos tur\u00edsticos
favoritos |publisher=Infobae Am\u00e9rica |language=Spanish |date=June 2011
|accessdate=19 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos
|archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> There are 30 [[National Parks
of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina]].\n\n{{wide
image|2014 FOZ 003.JPG|900px|The [[Iguazu Falls]], in the [[Misiones Province]]
it is one of the [[New7Wonders of Nature]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Iguazu Falls
chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/11/12/iguazu-falls-chosen-as-one-of-the-natural-seven-wonders-of-the-world|accessdate=11
November 2011|work=Mercopress|date=11 November 2011}}</ref>}}\n\n===Water
supply and sanitation===\n{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Argentina}}\n{{See
also|Water privatization in Argentina|Water resources management in Argentina}}\nThe
tariffs for water supply and sanitation in Argentina are relatively low, the
service quality reasonable. However, according to the [[WHO]], 21% of the
total population remains without access to house connections and 52% of the
urban population do not have access to [[sewerage]].\n\nBetween 1991 and 1999,
as part of one of the world''s largest privatization programs, water and sanitation\nconcessions
with the private sector were signed. After the 2001 economic crisis, many
concessions were renegotiated.\n\nMost service providers barely recover operation
and maintenance costs and have no capacity to self-finance investments. While
private \noperators were able to achieve higher levels of cost recovery, since
the [[1998\u20132002 Argentine great depression|Argentine financial crisis]]
in 2002 tariffs have been frozen and the self-financing capacity of utilities
has disappeared.\n\n==Demographics==\n{{Main article|Demographics of Argentina}}\n{{See
also|Argentines}}\n[[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]],
Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]]\nIn the {{census-ar|2001}},
Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and preliminary results from the
[[INDEC|2010 census]] were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.<ref name=\"pop2009\">{{cite
web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6
July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title=
Proyecciones provinciales de poblaci\u00f3n por sexo y grupos de edad 2001\u20132015|work=Gustavo
P\u00e9rez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional
de Poblaci\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/
|archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Argentina ranks third
in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Population density
is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average
of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually,
with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality
rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The [[net migration rate]] has ranged
from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.{{citation needed|date=June
2017}}\n\nThe proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world
average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high
at 10.8%. In Latin America this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above
the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America''s
lowest [[population growth rate]]s, recently about 1% a year, as well as a
comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children
per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared
here as they have similar religious practices and proportions.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |format=PDF | archiveurl=
https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf|
archivedate= 22 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>''''UN Demographic Yearbook,
2007.''''</ref> The median age is approximately 30 years and [[life expectancy]]
at birth is 77.14 years.<ref>New, Patrick W. ''''Key Facts on Argentina: Essential
Information on Argentina''''. 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=77.14+years+Argentina&source=bl&ots=Fzdspi2tRG&sig=FKx-5Owh_MRF4FhikWhdUiwjrCY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1q4muj5nVAhXGNT4KHfNkDIgQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=77.14%20years%20Argentina&f=false</ref>\n\nArgentina
became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas
to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html
|title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage
|publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July
2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html
|archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> It was the tenth country to allow
[[same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fastenberg
|first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html
|title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20
November 2011}}</ref>\n\n===Ethnography===\n{{main article|Ethnography of
Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}}\n[[File:QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour..jpg|thumb|QueenMaximaCaribbeanTour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Queen
Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] was born and raised in Argentina
of [[Spanish Argentine|Spanish]] and [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] descent.]]\n\nAs
with other areas of new settlement such as the [[Demography of the United
States|United States]], [[Demography of Canada|Canada]], [[Demography of Australia|Australia]],
[[Demography of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Demography of Brazil|Brazil]]
and [[Demography of Uruguay|Uruguay]], Argentina is considered a country of
immigrants.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp
|archivedate=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National
Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria
de Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas 2004\u20132005|language=es}}</ref><ref name=\"Coke\">{{Cite
journal \n| doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 \n| last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R.
\n| last2 = Moreno | first2 = R. S. \n| title = Genetic epidemiology of single
gene defects in Chile \n| journal = Journal of Medical Genetics \n| volume
= 31 \n| issue = 9 \n| pages = 702\u2013706 \n| year = 1994 \n| pmid = 7815439
\n| pmc = 1050080\n}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669
|title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669
|archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Argentines usually
refer to the country as a ''''crisol de razas'''' (crucible of races, or [[melting
pot]]).\n\nBetween 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second
biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the
United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead
of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.<ref
name=\"ref1\">https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf</ref><ref
name=\"ref2\">https://web.archive.org/web/20110814202421/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf</ref>\n\nStrikingly,
at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief
is endured in the popular saying ''''\"los argentinos descienden de los barcos\"''''
(Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended
from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the [[Immigration to Argentina|great
immigration wave to Argentina]] (1850\u20131955),<ref name=\"Lizcano\">{{cite
book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93|title=Composici\u00f3n
\u00c9tnica de las Tres \u00c1reas Culturales del Continente Americano al
Comienzo del Siglo XXI|isbn=978-970-757-052-8|author=Fern\u00e1ndez, Francisco
Lizcano|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=statesmen>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|title=Argentina|publisher=World
Statesmen.org|author=Cahoon, Ben }}</ref> with a great majority of these immigrants
coming from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants
came from Italy and Spain.<ref>\u2212 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215422/http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/publicaciones/informes_pdf/1998.Capitulo7.pdf
Cap\u00edtulo VII. Inmigrantes]. CELS \u2013 Informe 1998</ref> The majority
of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian
people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent (over 25 million individuals
in Argentina, almost 60% of the population have some partial Italian origins),<ref>\u2212
[https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63&dq=25+million+argentines+of+italian+descent&source=bl&ots=AUn0Tds1rM&sig=EM8A7ECmL_XvTeZ24u_nxXJXEnY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY5LGqne3LAhUBmh4KHYY4DiUQ6AEILTAE#v=onepage&q=25%20million%20argentines%20of%20italian%20descent&f=false]</ref>
while 17% of the population also have partial [[French people|French]] origins.<ref>{{cite
web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida1009-Les-merveilleux-francophiles-argentins-1.html?var_recherche=argentin|title=Canal
Acad\u00e9mie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins\u20131 |quote=Il faut
savoir qu''en 2006, 17% d''Argentins ont un anc\u00eatre venu de France. Pr\u00e8s
de 6 millions d''Argentins ont donc des origines fran\u00e7aises.}}</ref>
There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of [[Germans|German]] descent.\n
\nArgentina is home to a significant population of [[Arab Argentine|Arab]]
and partial Arab background, mostly of [[Syrian people|Syrian]] and [[Lebanese
people|Lebanese]] origin (in Argentina they are considered among the [[white
people]], just like in the United States Census), The majority of [[Arab Argentines]]
are [[Christians]] who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic
Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and
[[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]. A scant number are [[Muslims]] of Middle
Eastern origins. The [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population in the country numbers
at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]]<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=S\u00e1nchez,
Gonzalo |title=La comunidad china en el pa\u00eds se duplic\u00f3 en los \u00faltimos
5 a\u00f1os |publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010}}</ref> and [[Korean
people|Korean]] descent, although an older [[Japanese people|Japanese]] community
that traces back to the early 20th century still exists.{{citation needed|date=April
2016}}\n\nA study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist
[[Daniel Corach]], has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed
by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities),
18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups,
in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous
peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].<ref name=\"onlinelibrary.wiley.com\">{{cite
journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x/full|title=Inferring
Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial
DNA|publisher= | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|volume=74|journal=Annals
of Human Genetics|pages=65\u201376}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
|title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 n\u00famero2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004
|publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
|archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>\n\nFrom the 1970s, immigration
has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller
numbers from [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm
\"El variet\u00e9 de la calle Florida\"] (Editorial) \u2013 [[Clar\u00edn
(Argentine newspaper)|Clar\u00edn]] {{es icon}}</ref> The Argentine government
estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched
a program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria
Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar}}</ref> to encourage illegal immigrants
to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas\u2014so far
over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan
la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior \u2013 Sociedad \u2013 |publisher=Perfil.com}}</ref>\n\n===Languages===\n{{main
article|Languages of Argentina}}\n[[File:Dialectos del espa\u00f1ol en Argentina.svg|thumb|200px|Dialectal
variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]]\nThe ''''[[de facto]]''''{{efn-ua|Though
not declared official ''''[[de jure]]'''', the Spanish language is the only
one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents
and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken
by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\nThe country is
the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs
''''[[voseo]]'''', the use of the [[pronoun]] ''''vos'''' instead of ''''t\u00fa''''
(\"you\"), which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well.\nDue to
the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions,
although the prevalent dialect is ''''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'''',
primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan
language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107\u2013119}} Italian and other
European immigrants influenced ''''[[Lunfardo]]''''\u2014the regional slang\u2014permeating
the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well.\n\nThere
are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:\n*
English,{{efn-ua|English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland
Islands.}} taught since [[elementary school]]. 42.3% of Argentines claim to
speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{citation
needed|date=July 2015}}\n* [[Italian language|Italian]], by 1.5 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many
elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called
''''[[cocoliche]]'''', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the
late 19th century.}}\n* [[Arabic language|Arabic]], specially its [[Levantine
Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n*
[[Standard German]], by 400,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It
gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''''.}}\n*
[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
the [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish population]] in Latin America and 7th
in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|pp=25\u201326, 49\u201350}}\n* [[Guaran\u00ed
language|Guaran\u00ed]], by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
mostly in Corrientes (where it is official ''''de jure'''') and Misiones.<ref
name=gn>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|date=22 October 2004}}</ref>\n*
[[Catalan language|Catalan]], by 174,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n*
[[French language|French]], including the rare [[Occitan language]].\n* [[Quechua
language|Quechua]], by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n*
[[Wich\u00ed languages|Wich\u00ed]], by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]],
it is official ''''de jure''''.<ref name=kom>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28
July 2010}}</ref>\n* [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], by 52,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}
\n* [[Albanian language|Albanian]], by 40.000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf
|title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf
|archivedate=16 September 2016 |df= }}</ref>\n* [[Japanese language|Japanese]],
by 32,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} \n* [[Aymara language|Aymara]],
by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n*
[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], by 27,000 people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}\n*
[[Welsh language|Welsh]], including its [[Patagonian Welsh|Patagonian dialect]],
in which 25,000 people are fluent.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} Some districts
have recently incorporated it as an educational language.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=602}}\n\n===Religion===\n{{main
article|Religion in Argentina}}\n[[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pope
Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised
in Argentina.|alt=]] \nThe Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution
of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor
a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}}
it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of
Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts
to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting
frequencies.<ref name=irfr1/>}}\n\nAccording to a CONICET poll, Argentines
are 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical
Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah''s Witnesses]], 0.9% [[Mormon]]s; while 1.2%
follow other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\u00e1bal|2008|p=9}}\n\nThe
country is home to both the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]<ref name=irfr1>{{cite
web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International
Religious Freedom Report 2012 \u2013 Argentina|publisher=US Department of
State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12
April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities
in Latin America, the latter being the 7th most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}}
Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].<ref
name=irfr1/>\n\nArgentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization
of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\u00e1bal|2008|p=21}} 23.8%
of them claim to always attend religious services; 49.1%, to seldom do and
26.8%, to never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irraz\u00e1bal|2008|p=24}}\n\nOn
13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal
(Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop
of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]
and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name \"[[St.
Francis of Assisi|Francis]]\", and he became the first Pope from either the
[[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He is the first Pope born
outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory
III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741. He is also the first [[Jesuit]] Pope.<ref>{{cite
news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals
Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The
New York Times|place=New York, NY, USA|date=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archivedate=26
March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\n===Urbanization===\n{{see also|List of cities
in Argentina by population}}\nArgentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its
population living in cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi \u2013 CIA World Factbook|date=26
July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2
November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> the ten largest metropolitan areas account
for half of the population.\nAbout 3 million people live in the city of Buenos
Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals
around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.<ref
name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484
|title=About Argentina \u2013 Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina
|place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484
|archivedate=19 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>\n\nThe metropolitan
areas of C\u00f3rdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each.<ref
name=majorcities/> Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, La Plata, Mar del
Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.<ref name=majorcities/>\n\nThe
population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21%
of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province.
The provinces of C\u00f3rdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have
3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza,
Tucum\u00e1n, Entre R\u00edos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With
{{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucum\u00e1n is the only Argentine province more
densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province
of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url
= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ | title = Rep\u00fablica Argentina por provincia.
Densidad de poblaci\u00f3n. A\u00f1o 2010 | publisher = INDEC | language =
Spanish | accessdate = 6 March 2015}}</ref>\n{{Largest cities of Argentina}}\n\n===Education===\n{{main
article|Education in Argentina}}\n[[File:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png|thumb|250px|Argentina
has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global
rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]]\nThe
Argentine education system consists of four levels:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El
Sistema Educativo \u2013 Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio
de Educaci\u00f3n \u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archivedate=26
February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n* An initial level for children between
45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde
hoy, es obligatorio que todos los ni\u00f1os de cuatro a\u00f1os ingresen
al sistema educativo - educaci\u00f3n, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses
- Infobae|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref> being compulsory.\n*
An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level
duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy
rate]] was 98.07%.<ref name=educ1>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Poblaci\u00f3n
de 10 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s por condici\u00f3n de alfabetismo y sexo, seg\u00fan
provincia. A\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Poblaci\u00f3n, Hogares y
Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica
y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26
February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n* A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory
level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}}
18.3% of people over age 15 had completed secondary school.<ref name=educ2>{{cite
web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total
del pa\u00eds. Poblaci\u00f3n de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s que asisti\u00f3 a
un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educaci\u00f3n alcanzado y completud
del nivel, seg\u00fan sexo y grupo de edad. A\u00f1o 2010|work=Censo Nacional
de Poblaci\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC \u2013 Instituto
Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archivedate=26
February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n* A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided
in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in
2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]]
across the country, as well as 46 private ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema
Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n \u2013 Presidencia de
la Naci\u00f3n|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archivedate=9
February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 6.3% of people
over age 20 had graduated from university.<ref name=educ2/> The public universities
of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de
C\u00f3rdoba|C\u00f3rdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]],
[[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological
University]] are some of the most important.\n\nThe Argentine state guarantees
universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The
post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility
for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial
states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across
all educational stages.\n\n===Health care===\n{{Main article|Health care in
Argentina}}\n[[File:Plaza Houssay Av C\u00f3rdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The
University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country''s
3,000 medical graduates, annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/
|title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/|
archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>]]\nHealth care is provided
through a combination of employer and labor union-sponsored plans (''''Obras
Sociales''''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and
through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over
300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labor unions]]) and provide
health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known
as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.<ref name=iadb>{{cite
web|url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB}}</ref>\n\nThere
are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists
(ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).<ref name=deis>[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf
ESTADISTICAS VITALES \u2013 INFORMACION BASICA A\u00d1O 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf
|date=25 January 2011 }}. Ministry of Health (December 2009)</ref><ref name=undata>{{cite
web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |publisher= |accessdate=28 August
2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes
}}</ref> The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted
in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations'': from 1953
to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23%
of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems
from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from
7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]]
diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant
deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.<ref name=deis/><ref
name=un57>''''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''''</ref>\n\nThe availability
of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live
births in 1948<ref name=un97>''''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics.
1997''''.</ref> to 12.1 in 2009<ref name=deis/> and raised [[life expectancy|life
expectancy at birth]] from 60 years to 76.<ref name=un97/> Though these figures
compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed
nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.<ref name=undata/>\n\n==Culture==\n{{main
article|Culture of Argentina}}\n{{see also|List of Argentines}}\n[[File:Buenos
Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo
Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world
by ''''[[The Guardian]]''''.<ref name=\"TheGuardian\">{{cite web |title=Top
shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops
|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May
2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}</ref>]]\nArgentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural
country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has
been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]]
and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities
are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent,
and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture
and design.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''''Frommer''s Argentina''''.
Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant
in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such
as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although
there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]]
influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}}
The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle
of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous
American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.\nArgentine
writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina
as follows:\n{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured
in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat
dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:
because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring
values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves
to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the
old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''''Patria
Grande'''' San Mart\u00edn and Bol\u00edvar once imagined.\n|author=[[Ernesto
Sabato]]\n|source=''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''' (1976)<ref>Sabato,
Ernesto (1976). ''''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'''', Buenos Aires:
Sudamericana, p. 17-18.</ref>}}\n\n===Literature===\n{{main article|Argentine
literature}}\n[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most
influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cort\u00e1zar]],
[[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic
image showing the four photographs]]\nAlthough Argentina''s rich literary
history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence
with [[Esteban Echeverr\u00eda]]''s ''''El Matadero'''', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]]
landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century''s
Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the
ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez
(writer)|Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez]]'' ''''[[Mart\u00edn Fierro]]'''' and the
elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]''s
masterpiece, ''''[[Facundo]]''''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13,
101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}\n\nThe [[Modernist literature|Modernist]]
movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo
Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51\u201352}}
it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo G\u00fciraldes]]''s ''''[[Don
Segundo Sombra]]'''' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104,
107\u2013109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}\n\n[[Jorge Luis Borges]],
Argentina''s most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the
[[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking
at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence
has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''''[[Ficciones]]''''
and ''''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'''' are among his
most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]],
who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''''[[The
Invention of Morel]]''''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}\n[[Julio Cort\u00e1zar]],
one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name
in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced
an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3,
144}}\n\nOther highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists
include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio
Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio
Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Mart\u00ednez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo
Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel
Mujica L\u00e1inez]], [[Ernesto S\u00e1bato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo
Walsh]], [[Mar\u00eda Elena Walsh]], [[Tom\u00e1s Eloy Mart\u00ednez]], [[Manuel
Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66,
85, 97\u2013121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=D\u00edaz|3y=2010|3pp=22,
91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51\u201354}}\n\n===Music===\n{{main
article|Music of Argentina}}\n\n[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel
Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served
as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]\n\n[[Tango]],
a ''''[[R\u00edo de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'''' musical genre with European
and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina''s international
cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}\nThe golden age
of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]]
in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]],
[[An\u00edbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan
d''Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nAfter 1955, virtuoso [[Astor
Piazzolla]] popularized ''''[[Nuevo tango]]'''', a subtler and more intellectual
trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\nTango enjoys worldwide
popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and
[[Tanghetto]].\n\nArgentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes
that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer;
[[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]],
pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director;
[[Jos\u00e9 Cura]] and [[Marcelo \u00c1lvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s
[[Jorge Donn]], [[Jos\u00e9 Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''''Maximiliano
Guerra'''', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela N\u00fa\u00f1ez]], [[I\u00f1aki
Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n[[File:Martha
Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded
as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century.<ref
name=\"Alex Ross New Yorker profile\">{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame
X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15
January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex
Ross}}</ref>]]\n\nA national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from
dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin
American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and
[[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.\n\nThe [[romantic ballad]]
genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de Am\u00e9rica]].\n\n[[Argentine
rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos
Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.\nFounding bands like
[[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]]
were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]]
and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including
[[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andr\u00e9s Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto
Spinetta]], [[Charly Garc\u00eda]], [[Fito P\u00e1ez]] and [[Le\u00f3n Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}\n\n[[Tenor
saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro \"Gato\" Barbieri]]
and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most
internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.\n\n===Theatre===\n{{main
article|Theatre in Argentina}}\n[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro
Col\u00f3n]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/
\"Top 10: Opera Houses\"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14
April 2014</ref>|alt=View of the theatre''s stage]]\nBuenos Aires is one of
the great theater capitals of the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic
dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19
April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558
|title=Buenos Aires \u2013 A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10
February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558
|archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> with a scene of international
caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], \"the street that never sleeps\",
sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]
in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Col\u00f3n]]
is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics
are considered among the world''s top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\u201325}}{{efn-ua|The
other top venues being Berlin''s [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna''s
[[Musikverein]], Amsterdam''s [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston''s [[Symphony Hall,
Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21\u201325}}}} Other important theatrical
venues include [[Teatro General San Mart\u00edn]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos
Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]]
in La Plata, [[Teatro El C\u00edrculo|El C\u00edrculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro
Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]]
in C\u00f3rdoba.\n[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco
Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the
most prominent Argentine playwrights.\n\nArgentine theatre traces its origins
to Viceroy [[Juan Jos\u00e9 de V\u00e9rtiz y Salcedo]]''s creation of the
colony''s first theatre, ''''La Rancher\u00eda'''', in 1783. In this stage,
in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''''Siripo'''' had its premiere. ''''Siripo''''
is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered
the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet
Manuel Jos\u00e9 de Lavard\u00e9n, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its
plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the
[[R\u00edo de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti
Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''''La Rancher\u00eda'''' theatre
operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage
in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of
Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation''s longest-continuously
operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas
Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century.
The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it
flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government
gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Col\u00f3n
Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage
performances. Antonio Petalardo''s successful 1871 gambit on the opening of
the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.\n\n===Cinema===\n{{main
article|Cinema of Argentina}}\nThe Argentine film industry has historically
been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with
those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>Carl
J. Mora, \"[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false
Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]\" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina
- Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php
|archivedate=16 December 2008}}</ref> Started in 1896; by the early 1930s
it had already become Latin America''s leading film producer, a place it kept
until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world''s first [[list of
animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in
Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino
Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina''s Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation
World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28
September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\n{{double image|right|B\u00e9r\u00e9nice
Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Verg\u00e9s.jpg|144|<center>[[B\u00e9r\u00e9nice
Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in
2011.</center>|<center>The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won
the [[Academy Award]] for that film.</center>}}\n\nArgentine films have achieved
worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign
Language Film]], with ''''[[The Official Story]]'''' (1985) and ''''[[The
Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009) with seven nominations:\n*[[The Truce (1974
film)|The Truce]] (''''La Tregua'''') in 1974\n*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''''Camila'''')
in 1984\n*[[The Official Story]] (''''La Historia Oficial'''') in 1985\n*[[Tango
(1998 film)|Tango]] (''''Tango'''') in 1998\n*[[Son of the Bride]] (''''El
hijo de la novia'''') in 2001\n*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''''El Secreto
de sus Ojos'''') in 2009\n*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''''Relatos Salvajes'''')
in 2015\n\nIn addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo
Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]
in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''''Armando Bo'''' and ''''Nicol\u00e1s Giacobone''''
have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015.
Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[B\u00e9r\u00e9nice
Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
in 2011 and won the [[C\u00e9sar Award for Best Actress]] and won the [[Best
Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes
Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''''.<ref
name=\"CannesAwards\">{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html
|title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate=
26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}</ref>\n\nArgentina also has won seventeen [[Goya
Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish
Language Foreign Film]] with ''''[[A King and His Movie]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A
Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Gatica,
el mono]]'''' (1993), ''''[[Autumn Sun]]'''' (1996), ''''[[Ashes of Paradise]]''''
(1997), ''''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'''' (1998), ''''[[Plata
Quemada|Burnt Money]]'''' (2000), ''''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]''''
(2001), ''''[[Intimate Stories]]'''' (2003), ''''[[Blessed by Fire]]'''' (2005),
''''[[The Hands]]'''' (2006), ''''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'''' (2007), ''''[[The
Secret in Their Eyes]]'''' (2009), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011), ''''[[Wild
Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014), ''''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]''''
(2015) and ''''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'''' (2016) being by far the most
awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.\n\nMany other Argentine
films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]''''
(1984), ''''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'''' (1986), ''''[[A Place in the World
(film)|A Place in the World]]'''' (1992), ''''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]''''
(1997), ''''[[Nine Queens]]'''' (2000), ''''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]''''
(2002), ''''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'''' (2004),
''''[[The Aura]]'''' (2005), ''''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'''' (2011) and ''''[[Wild
Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'''' (2014) being some of them.\n\n{{As of|2013|alt=In
2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market
Study \u2013 Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August
2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11
June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n\n===Visual arts===\n{{See also|Argentine
painting}}\n[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''''Las Nereidas
Font'''' by [[Lola Mora]].]]\nSome of the best-known Argentine painters are
[[C\u00e1ndido L\u00f3pez]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Na\u00efve
art|Na\u00efve style]]); [[Ernesto de la C\u00e1rcova]] and [[Eduardo S\u00edvori]]
([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[P\u00edo
Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Ces\u00e1reo Bernaldo de Quir\u00f3s]]
([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barrag\u00e1n]]
([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]);
[[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Ko\u0161ice]]
([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative
art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''''Carlos Torrallardona'''', ''''Luis Aquino'''',
and ''''Alfredo Gramajo Guti\u00e9rrez'''' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]]
([[Spatialism]]); [[Tom\u00e1s Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract
art]]); [[Le\u00f3n Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minuj\u00edn]] ([[Conceptual art]]);
and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).\n\nIn 1946 Gyula Ko\u0161ice and
others created The [[Mad\u00ed Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread
to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.<ref>{{cite
news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of
art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July
2006}}</ref>\nTom\u00e1s Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm
School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential
globally.\n\nOther Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]],
whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito
Quinquela Mart\u00edn]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the
immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.\n\nInternationally laureate sculptors
[[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of
the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.\n\n===Architecture===\n{{main
article|Architecture of Argentina}}\n[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The
[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[fa\u00e7ade]] of the [[C\u00f3rdoba,
Argentina|C\u00f3rdoba]] Palace of Justice.]]\nThe colonization brought the
[[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler
''''Rioplatense'''' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San
Ignacio Min\u00ed]], the [[Cathedral of C\u00f3rdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral
of C\u00f3rdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luj\u00e1n. Italian and French influences
increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]]
overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving
history in Buenos Aires|last=Mart\u00ednez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC
Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23
January 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nNumerous Argentine architects have enriched
their own country''s cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio
Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco
Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding
flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]]
and [[Viktor Sul\u010di\u010d]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro
Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]]
were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced
[[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[C\u00e9sar Pelli]]''s and [[Patricio
Pouchulu]]''s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities
worldwide: Pelli''s 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made
him one of the world''s most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]]
and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.\n\n===Sport===\n{{main
article|Sport in Argentina}}\n\n[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego
Maradona]] one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Player of the 20th
Century]].]]\n\n''''[[Pato]]'''' is the [[national sport]],<ref name=pato1>{{cite
Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> an ancient
horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124\u2013125}}<ref
name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php
|title=Pato, Argentina''s national sport |work=Argentina \u2013 Portal p\u00fablico
de noticias de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina |publisher=Secretar\u00eda de Medios
de Comunicaci\u00f3n \u2013 Presidencia de la Naci\u00f3n |place=Buenos Aires
|date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php
|archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after
[[Buenos Aires]]'' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May
Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[F\u00e9lix
de Azara]] described a ''''pato'''' sport scene taking place in the city.
|df= }}</ref> The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]].
Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national
football team|men''s national team]] is the only one to have won the most
important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations
Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold
Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa Am\u00e9rica|Copas Am\u00e9rica]], 6 [[Football
at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14\u201323}}
[[Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are
among the best players in the game''s history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}\n\nThe
country''s [[Argentina women''s national field hockey team|women''s field
hockey team ''''Las Leonas'''']] is one of the world''s most successful, with
four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women''s
Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]
and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}
[[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of
the sport,<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet
Luciana Aymar \u2013 Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World
Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16
June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> being the only player to have received the [[FIH
Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.<ref
name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing
Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH \u2013 ''''F\u00e9d\u00e9ration
Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'''' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne,
Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12
December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\n[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport.
The [[Argentina national basketball team|men''s national team]] is the only
one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA
World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic
Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas
Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold
Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South
American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite
web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina
\u2013 Profile|publisher=FIBA \u2013 ''''F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale
de Basket-ball'''' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16
June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Emanuel Gin\u00f3bili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andr\u00e9s
Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and
[[Juan Ignacio S\u00e1nchez]] are a few of the country''s most acclaimed players,
all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}}
Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel
Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel
Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d''Or]] winner, is the current captain of
the [[Argentina national football team]].]]\n\n[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another
popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby
union team|men''s national team]], known as ''Los Pumas'' has competed at
the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest
ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012
Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia
national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union
team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]
in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition
in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men''s national
''A'' team]] known as the ''Jaguares'' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]]
& [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] ''A'' teams along with [[Uruguay
national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]],
The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.\n\nArgentina
has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including
[[Carlos Monz\u00f3n]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;<ref name=thering1>{{cite
web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11
|last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the
last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September
2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11
|archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> [[Pascual P\u00e9rez
(boxer)|Pascual P\u00e9rez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers
of all times; [[V\u00edctor Gal\u00edndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder
for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino
Locche]], nicknamed \"The Untouchable\" for his masterful defense; they are
all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodr\u00edguez|2009|pp=164\u2013165}}\n\n[[Tennis]]
has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the
greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}}
while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player
of all time\u2014having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}}
are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ithf1>{{cite
web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame
Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport,
RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14
February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>\n\nArgentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]],
having won more international championships than any other country and been
seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50\u201351}}
The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is
the sport''s most important international team trophy. The country is home
to most of the world''s top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best
in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}\n\nHistorically, Argentina
has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was
five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning
102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver
of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\u2013171}}
Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez]], [[Juan G\u00e1lvez]],
[[Jos\u00e9 Froil\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170\u2013171,
195}}\n\n===Cuisine===\n{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}\n[[File:Bife de
chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''''[[asado]]'''', a traditional
dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]\nBesides
many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe,
Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]]
creations, including ''''[[empanada]]s'''' (a small stuffed pastry), ''''[[locro]]''''
(a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''''[[humita]]''''
and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199,
221}}\n\nThe country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern
Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee,
WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2
December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> traditionally prepared as ''''[[asado]]'''',
the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including
''''[[chorizo]]'''', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}\n\nCommon
desserts include ''''[[facturas]]'''' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]]
pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''''[[dulce de leche]]''''
(a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''''[[alfajor]]es'''' (shortbread cookies
sandwiched together with chocolate, ''''dulce de leche'''' or a fruit paste),
and ''''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'''' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80,
143}}\n\n[[Argentine wine]], one of the world''s finest,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About
Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11
December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is an integral part of the local
menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torront\u00e9s]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and
[[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230,
252, 261\u2013262, 265}}\n\n===National symbols===\n{{main article|National
symbols of Argentina}}\n\nSome of Argentina''s national symbols are defined
by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.<ref name=natsymb>{{cite
web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos
generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13
June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}</ref>\nThe [[Flag of Argentina]] consists
of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and
light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.<ref>{{cite
Argentine law|d=1650/2010 \u2013 S\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=23 November
2010|bo=32033|p=5}}</ref> The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in
1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234\u2013235}}
The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union
of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for
official documents.<ref name=dec10302>{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 \u2013
S\u00edmbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}</ref>\nThe [[Argentine
National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente L\u00f3pez y Planes]] with music
by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813.<ref name=dec10302/> The [[Cockade
of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]]
of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our
Lady of Luj\u00e1n|The Virgin of Luj\u00e1n]] is Argentina''s [[patron saint]].<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra
Se\u00f1ora de Luj\u00e1n |publisher=Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n de la Naci\u00f3n
\u2013 Efem\u00e9rides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish
|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html
|archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>\n\nThe [[Furnarius rufus|''''hornero'''']],
living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national
bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp
|title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina
|date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp
|archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>\nThe [[Erythrina
crista-galli|''''ceibo'''']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national
tree]],<ref name=natsymb/><ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25
January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}}</ref> while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''''quebracho
colorado'''']] is the national forest tree.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5
September 1956}}</ref>\n[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra
nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina
en la Rep\u00fablica de Colombia|place=Bogot\u00e1|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29
September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>\nThe national sport is ''''[[pato]]'''',
an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.<ref name=pato1/>\n\n[[Argentine
wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'''', the
national [[infusion]].<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 \u2013 Decl\u00e1rase
al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite
Argentine law|l=26871 \u2013 Decl\u00e1rase al Mate como infusi\u00f3n nacional|date=2
August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref>\n''''[[Asado]]'''' and ''''[[locro]]''''
are considered the [[national dish]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx
|title=El asado |work=Via Rest\u00f3 |publisher=Grupo Clar\u00edn |place=Buenos
Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx
|archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php
|title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina \u2013 Portal oficial de
promoci\u00f3n de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6
June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php
|archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>\n\n==See also==\n{{portal|Argentina|Latin
America}}\n* [[Index of Argentina-related articles]]\n* [[Outline of Argentina]]\n*
<!--[[Bibliography of Argentina]] -->\n* <!--[[List of places in Argentina]]
-->\n{{Clear}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{notelist-ua}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n\n==Bibliography==\n;Legal
documents\n{{refbegin}}\n* {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php
|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent
Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution
of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php
|archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Articles\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n*
{{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The
First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison
Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence
and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism:
Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,
UK|date=August 2004|pages=107\u2013119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|work=Insight
on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New
York, NY, USA|date=6 August 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}}\n* {{cite
journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World
Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold
Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish
Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=2013|pages=279\u2013358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox
Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics
Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA \u2013 Acoustical Society of America|date=April
2009|pages=21\u201325|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andr\u00e9s|title=A
Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and
Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics
and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the
University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1\u201324|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x}}\n*
{{cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan
Cruz|last3=Irraz\u00e1bal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias
y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=CONICET
\u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas|place=Buenos
Aires|date=26 August 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina:
Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown,
NC, USA|date=January 1995|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite journal|last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein
|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive
Diplomacy |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf
|format=PDF |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria,
South Africa |year=1997 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf
|archivedate=19 April 2014 |df= }}\n{{refend}}\n\n;Books\n{{refbegin|30em}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Abad de Santill\u00e1n|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad
de Santill\u00e1n|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipogr\u00e1fica Editora
Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising
the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When
security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms
of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge
University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=59\u201384|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The
rough guide to Argentina|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Bj\u00f6rn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen
Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH\u2013Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the
Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David
Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2002|pages=219\u2013232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David
Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham,
MD, USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita,
First Lady: A Biography of Eva Per\u00f3n|publisher=Grove Press|place=New
York, NY, USA|year=1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bidart
Campos|first=Germ\u00e1n J.|title=Manual de la Constituci\u00f3n Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos
Aires|year=2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The
Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace &
Company|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International
Monetary Fund 1990\u20131999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington,
D. C.|year=2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales
hist\u00f3ricos de la revolucion de la Am\u00e9rica latina, acompa\u00f1ados
de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el a\u00f1o 1808 hasta el reconocimiento
de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase
Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University
of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA, USA|year=1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=D\u00edaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic
History of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New
Haven, CT, USA|year=1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The
Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA|year=2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa
Barbara, CA, USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken
Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis
of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington
Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA|year=2006|pages=3\u201326|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho
Pol\u00edtico|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans
Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos
A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos
Aires|year=1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite
book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell
B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport,
CT, USA|year=1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian
C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY,
USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto
Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos
Aires|year=2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite
book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization,
Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The
Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA|year=2000|pages=3\u201313|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema
in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz
Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising
the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional
Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge
University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35\u201358|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revoluci\u00f3n de Mayo
a la Asamblea de 1813\u201315|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial
G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave
Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY,
USA|year=2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M.
Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles
D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer
Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA|year=2014|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University
of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA|year=1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring
the World Economy 1820\u20131992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The
World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=|year=2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=Jos\u00e9 O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier
A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,
and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite
book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina''s foreign policy: domestic
politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder,
CO, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt
Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA|year=2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica
Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=Mar\u00eda Mercedes|title=Geograf\u00eda
Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International
Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus
Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|year=1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American
History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America
and the World Economy, 1850\u20131914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane
M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA|year=1990|pages=86\u201396|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports
around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa
Barbara, CA, USA|year=2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The
Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers
UvA \u2013 Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51\u201376|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension
of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge,
UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Ra\u00fal|title=Mi
pa\u00eds, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gr\u00e1fico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos
Aires|year=1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Jos\u00e9
Andr\u00e9s|title=Santiago en sus letras: antolog\u00eda criticotem\u00e1tica
de las letras santiague\u00f1as|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago
del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and
Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia,
PA, USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David
Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516\u20131987: From Spanish Colonization
to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley,
CA, USA|year=1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Rodr\u00edguez|first=Robert
G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies
Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA|year=2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=\u00c1ngel|authorlink=\u00c1ngel Rosenblat|title=El
nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA \u2013 Editorial Universitaria de
Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hern\u00e1n|title=Regional
Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration,
Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen
Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2009|pages=15\u201344|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=S\u00e1nchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional
Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica|place=Mexico
D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen
de la palabra \"\u00bf\u00a1Argentina!?\"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gr\u00e1ficas
del Colegio San Jos\u00e9|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia pol\u00edtica
de la Asociaci\u00f3n Argentina de Ciencia Pol\u00edtica|volume=2|title=Situaci\u00f3n
actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y econ\u00f3micos, en particular
sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general
interest|publisher=North\u2013South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}}\n*
{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical
Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham,
MD, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}}\n* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia
of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert
W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA|year=2005|pages=51\u201353|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}}\n{{refend}}\n\n==External
links==\n{{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}}\n;Government\n*
[http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] {{es icon}}\n\n;Travel & tourism\n*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm
Argentina Ministry of Tourism]\n* [http://www.argentina.travel/en National
Institute of Tourism Promotion]\n\n;Overview\n* {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}}\n*
{{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}}\n* [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/
Argentina] at the [[Latin American Network Information Center]]\n* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm
Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries \u2013
University of Colorado Boulder]]\n* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR
Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]]\n* {{osmrelation-inline|286393}}\n*
{{books-inline|Argentina}}\n* {{wikiatlas|Argentina}}\n\n{{Geographic Location\n|Centre =
{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]]\n|Northwest = \n|North =
{{Flag|Bolivia}}\n|Northeast = {{Flag|Paraguay}} \u2022 {{Flag|Brazil}}\n|East =
{{Flag|Uruguay}}<br />''''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''''\n|Southeast = {{Flag|Falkland
Islands}}\n|South = ''''[[Southern Ocean]]''''<br />[[Antarctic Peninsula]]\n|Southwest
= \n|West = {{Flag|Chile}}\n}}\n\n{{Argentina topics|state=uncollapsed}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title=International
membership\n|list=\n{{Andean Community of Nations}}\n{{G15 nations}}\n{{G20}}\n{{Mercosur/Mercosul
(Southern Common Market)}}\n{{Organization of American States}}\n{{Union of
South American Nations}}\n{{World Trade Organization}}\n{{Founding member
states of the United Nations}}\n}}\n{{Countries of South America}}\n\n{{Authority
control}}\n\n[[Category:Argentina| ]]\n[[Category:Countries in South America]]\n[[Category:Federal
constitutional republics]]\n[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]\n[[Category:G15
nations]]\n[[Category:G20 nations]]\n[[Category:Liberal democracies]]\n[[Category:Member
states of Mercosur]]\n[[Category:Member states of the Union of South American
Nations]]\n[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]\n[[Category:Spanish-speaking
countries and territories]]\n[[Category:States and territories established
in 1816]]\n[[Category:1816 establishments in South America]]"}],"contentmodel":"wikitext","pagelanguage":"en","pagelanguagehtmlcode":"en","pagelanguagedir":"ltr","touched":"2017-09-10T03:35:34Z","lastrevid":799647522,"length":206395,"fullurl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina","editurl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit","canonicalurl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}}}}'
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recorded_at: Sun, 10 Sep 2017 19:35:32 GMT
recorded_with: VCR 3.0.3