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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" >Barack Obama</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">44th president of the United States</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack (disambiguation)">Barack (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Obama (disambiguation)">Obama (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack Obama (disambiguation)">Barack Obama (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Barack Obama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="image" title="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling."><img alt="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a></span><br />from the 13th district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Barack Hussein Obama II</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1961-08-04</span>) </span>August 4, 1961<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 59)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <span title="October 3, 1992" class="rt-commentedText">1992</span>)<wbr />​</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malia_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Malia Obama">Malia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasha Obama">Sasha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family of Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kalorama_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)">Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">List of honors and awards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signature.svg" class="image" title="Barack Obama's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="124" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barackobama.com">Official website</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org">Obama Foundation</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov">White House Archives</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<td style="background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama,_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></a></td>
<td style="background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;"><div style="font-size:88%; line-height:normal;"><span style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: #FFF">Barack Obama</span></a></span></span></td>
</tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Electoral history</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Honors</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Pre-presidency</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois State Senator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">2004 DNC keynote address</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senator from Illinois</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">sponsored bills</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">President of the United States</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Policies</div>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">South Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">foreign trips</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Appointments</div>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Administration" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judges</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First term</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Campaign</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 general election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primaries</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery Act">Recovery Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">Russia nuclear treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">Libya intervention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Timeline
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">'09</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">'10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">'11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">'12</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second term</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">Reelection campaign</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 general election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Second inauguration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL" title="International military intervention against ISIL">Anti-ISIL campaign</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Syria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctions against Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary speech</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Failed nomination of Merrick Garland</a></li>
<li>Timeline
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">'13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">'14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">'15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%93January_2017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–January 2017)">'16–'17</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr />
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Planned presidential library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li></ul>
<hr />
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<p><b>Barack Hussein Obama II</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAHK</span></i></a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hoo-<span style="font-size:90%">SAYN</span></i></a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">oh-<span style="font-size:90%">BAH</span>-mə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> born August 4, 1961) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 2009 to 2017. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and as an <a href="/wiki/Illinois_state_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois state senator">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004.
</p><p>Obama was born in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black president of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">represented the 13th district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> from 1997 until 2004, when he <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">ran for the U.S. Senate</a>. Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate primary win, his well-received July <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">keynote address</a>, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president a year after beginning <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">his campaign</a>, and after <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">a close primary campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Obama was elected over <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">general election</a> and was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inaugurated</a> alongside his running mate, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate.
</p><p>Obama signed many landmark bills into law during his first two years in office. The main reforms that were passed include the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> (commonly referred to as ACA or "Obamacare"), although without a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option">public health insurance option</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimuli amidst the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a>. After a <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis_of_2011" title="United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011">lengthy debate over the national debt limit</a>, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">Budget Control</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">American Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty, and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">ended military involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military involvement in Libya</a> for the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UN Security Council Resolution 1973</a>, contributing to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. He also ordered the military operation that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">the killing of Osama bin Laden</a>.
</p><p>After winning <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">re-election</a> by defeating Republican opponent <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013. During this term, he promoted inclusion for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_American" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT American">LGBT Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a> bans as unconstitutional (<i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>); same-sex marriage was <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">legalized</a> nationwide in 2015 after the Court ruled so in <i>Obergefell</i>. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a>, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">military intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a href="/wiki/Ending_U.S._combat_operations_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan">ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis" title="International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis">sanctions against Russia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">invasion in Ukraine</a> and again after <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">interference in the 2016 U.S. elections</a>, brokered the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">JCPOA nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>. Obama nominated <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">three justices to the Supreme Court</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> were confirmed as justices, while <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> faced partisan <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">obstruction</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>-led <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>, which never held hearings or a vote on the nomination. Obama left office in January 2017 and continues to reside in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?-3">[3]</a></sup> During Obama's terms in office, the United States' reputation abroad, as well as the American economy, significantly improved.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Obama's presidency has generally been regarded favorably, and evaluations of his presidency among historians, political scientists, and the general public frequently place him among <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">the upper tier</a> of American presidents.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Family_and_personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Family and personal life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religious_views"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religious views</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Law_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Law career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Community organizer and Harvard Law School</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#University_of_Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Legislative_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Illinois Senate (1997–2004)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2004 U.S. Senate campaign</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. Senate (2005–2008)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Legislation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Committees"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Committees</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Presidential_campaigns"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential campaigns</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#2008"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">2008</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#2012"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">2012</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Presidency_(2009–2017)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Presidency (2009–2017)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#First_100_days"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">First 100 days</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Domestic_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic policy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#LGBT_rights"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">LGBT rights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">White House advisory and oversight groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Economic_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Economic policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Environmental_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Health_care_reform"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Health care reform</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Energy_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Energy policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Gun_control"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Gun control</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#2010_midterm_elections"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">2010 midterm elections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Cybersecurity and Internet policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Government_mass_surveillance"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Government mass surveillance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Foreign_policy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign policy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#War_in_Iraq"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">War in Iraq</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#War_in_Afghanistan"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">War in Afghanistan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Libya"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Libya</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Syrian_Civil_War"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Syrian Civil War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Death of Osama bin Laden</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Iran_nuclear_talks"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Iran nuclear talks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Relations_with_Cuba"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Relations with Cuba</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Hiroshima_speech"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Hiroshima speech</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Cultural_and_political_image"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural and political image</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Post-presidency_(2017–present)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-presidency (2017–present)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Presidential_library"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential library</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Audiobooks"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Audiobooks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Lists"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lists</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Official"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Official</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Other_2"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="212" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, (L to R) mid-1970s in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></div></div></div>
<p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-biography_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biography-5">[5]</a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" title="Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children">Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-birth-certificate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-certificate-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maraniss_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maraniss-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> He is the only president born outside the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous 48 states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-9">[9]</a></sup> He was born to an American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> with some German, Irish, Scottish,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a> found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, an enslaved African man who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> during the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Obama's father, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> was a married<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo" title="Nyang'oma Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> class at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii at Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2007-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-25">[25]</a></sup> The couple married in <a href="/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii" title="Wailuku, Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<sup id="cite_ref-Ripley_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ripley_2008-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<sup id="cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-25">[25]</a></sup> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate student</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> After two one-year extensions of his <a href="/wiki/J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta" title="Tebet, South Jakarta">Tebet</a> sub district of <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> sub district of <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">central Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/220px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/330px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/440px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1091" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Barack Obama's school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enlisted as Barry Soetoro in the school (no. 1) and was wrongly acknowledged as a Muslim (no. 4).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>When he was six years old, Obama and his mother moved to Indonesia to join his step-father. From age six to ten, he attended local <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i>Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a href="/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" title="State Elementary School Menteng 01"><i>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01</i></a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language <a href="/wiki/Calvert_School" title="Calvert School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> As a result of his four years in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-in_Jakarta_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_Jakarta-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-40">[40]</a></sup> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1971, Obama returned to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou</a> when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Obama has also written and talked about using <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to attend <a href="/wiki/Occidental_College" title="Occidental College">Occidental College</a> on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in response to that nation's policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Occidental_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occidental-51">[51]</a></sup> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> for three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Occidental_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occidental-51">[51]</a></sup> Later in 1981, he <a href="/wiki/College_transfer" title="College transfer">transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education)" title="Junior (education)">junior</a>, where he majored in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1983 and a 3.7 <a href="/wiki/Grading_(education)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (education)">GPA</a>. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the <a href="/wiki/Business_International_Corporation" title="Business International Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>, where he was a financial researcher and writer,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> then as a project coordinator for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="New York Public Interest Research Group">New York Public Interest Research Group</a> on the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> campus for three months in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family of Barack Obama</a></div>
<p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Mac" title="Bernie Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, <a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> until her death on November 2, 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President of the Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a> while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-68">[68]</a></sup> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<sup id="cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-69">[69]</a></sup> The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama poses in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)">Green Room</a> of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009</div></div></div>
<p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> to conceive their children.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> The Obama daughters attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a href="/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School" title="Sidwell Friends School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> The Obamas have two <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog" title="Portuguese Water Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmann_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmann-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="3500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama takes a left-handed <a href="/wiki/Jump_shot_(basketball)" title="Jump shot (basketball)">jump shot</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickup game">pickup game</a> on the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> basketball court, 2009</div></div></div>
<p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he threw out the first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2005 American League Championship Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a senator.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a White Sox jacket.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> He is also primarily a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was a <a href="/wiki/Steeler_Nation" title="Steeler Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days after he took office as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Steelers_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steelers-81">[81]</a></sup> In 2011, Obama invited the <a href="/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season" title="1985 Chicago Bears season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">Super Bowl win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> and he is left-handed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a $1.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million house (equivalent to $2.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2019) in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a href="/wiki/Tony_Rezko" title="Tony Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<sup id="cite_ref-corruption_charges_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corruption_charges-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/Money_(magazine)" title="Money (magazine)">Money Magazine</a></i> estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million (equivalent to $1.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2019) .<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million—up from about $4.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2007 and $1.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> On his 2010 income of $1.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a href="/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation" title="Fisher House Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-networth12_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networth12-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said Barack had quit smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-smoking_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-smoking-93">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a href="/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)"><i>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his daughters and the presidency have made him a <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_views">Religious views</span></h4>
<p>Obama is a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian-98">[98]</a></sup> He wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>". He described his father as a "confirmed <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".<sup id="cite_ref-social_change_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-social_change-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2675" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Obamas worship at <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013</div></div></div><p>
In January 2008, Obama told <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: </p><blockquote><p>I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APbychoice_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APbychoice-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-102">[102]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Obama met <a href="/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright" title="Jeremiah Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Trinity_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinity-103">[103]</a></sup> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">some of Wright's statements were criticized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016 he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way". He said that "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times". The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, a figurine of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, a Coptic cross from Ethiopia, a small <a href="/wiki/Buddha_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha statue">Buddha statue</a> given by a monk, and a silver poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a biker in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Law_career">Law career</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School">Community organizer and Harvard Law School</span></h4>
<p>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project" title="Developing Communities Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a href="/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago" title="Roseland, Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago" title="West Pullman, Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago" title="Riverdale, Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a href="/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-111">[111]</a></sup> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation" title="Gamaliel Foundation">Gamaliel Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations" title="Family of Barack Obama">paternal relatives</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Obama_2012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama_2012-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="infobox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">Boston TV Digital Archive</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-115">[115]</a></sup> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern University School of Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> He was selected as an editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> at the end of his first year,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-117">[117]</a></sup> president of the journal in his second year,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-118">[118]</a></sup> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> while at Harvard for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates" title="Associate attorney">summer associate</a> at the law firms of <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter" title="Hopkins & Sutter">Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> After graduating with a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a> degree <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-121">[121]</a></sup> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-117">[117]</a></sup> Obama's election as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" title="List of African-American firsts">first black president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-118">[118]</a></sup> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-122">[122]</a></sup> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <i><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-122">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="University_of_Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney">University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</span></h4>
<p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to work on his first book.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fellow_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellow-123">[123]</a></sup> He then taught <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote" title="Project Vote">Project Vote</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign" title="Voter registration campaign">voter registration campaign</a> with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <i><a href="/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business" title="Crain's Chicago Business">Crain's Chicago Business</a></i> to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Forty_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forty-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney" title="Associate attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> The case was settled out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> Final judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> His law license became inactive in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisMiner_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisMiner-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago" title="Woods Fund of Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Foundation" title="Joyce Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-58">[58]</a></sup> He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge" title="Chicago Annenberg Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a> from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_career">Legislative career</span></h3>
<h4><span id="Illinois_Senate_.281997.E2.80.932004.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)">Illinois Senate (1997–2004)</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a href="/wiki/ShoreBank" title="ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998</div></div></div>
<p>Obama was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago">Kenwood</a> south to <a href="/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago" title="South Shore, Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago" title="Chicago Lawn, Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> He sponsored a law that increased <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott20070730_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-135">[135]</a></sup> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a href="/wiki/Payday_loan" title="Payday loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at averting home <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p><p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> In 2000, he lost a <a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">Democratic primary race</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district">Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by a margin of two to one.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_primary_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_primary-140">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott20070730_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-135">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2004_U.S._Senate_campaign">2004 U.S. Senate campaign</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County,_2004.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/130px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="234" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/195px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/260px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="337" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County,_2004.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.</div></div></div>
<p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration's <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">joint resolution</a> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_Garden_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose_Garden-149">[149]</a></sup> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">anti-Iraq War rally</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-150">[150]</a></sup> and spoke out against the war.<sup id="cite_ref-spoke_out_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spoke_out-151">[151]</a></sup> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<sup id="cite_ref-stop_the_war_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stop_the_war-152">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-future_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-154">[154]</a></sup> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-status_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-156">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)" title="Jack Ryan (politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup> Six weeks later, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">November 2004 general election</a>, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.<sup id="cite_ref-margin_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margin-159">[159]</a></sup> He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well.
</p>
<h4><span id="U.S._Senate_.282005.E2.80.932008.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)">U.S. Senate (2005–2008)</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">United States Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</div></div></div>
<p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> becoming the only Senate member of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">CQ Weekly</a></i> characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">resign his Senate seat</a> on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-transition_period_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transition_period-162">[162]</a></sup>
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislation">Legislation</span></h5>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</a></div>
<p>Obama <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a href="/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" title="Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006">Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> Regarding <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a href="/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" title="Class Action Fairness Act of 2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">FISA Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">NSA warrantless wiretapping</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-168">[168]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugar-Obama.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="369" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugar-Obama.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a href="/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act" title="Honest Leadership and Open Government Act">Honest Leadership and Open Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the <a href="/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act" title="Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act">Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007" title="Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> He sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran" title="Disinvestment from Iran">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_terrorism_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-180">[180]</a></sup> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup>
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Committees">Committees</span></h5>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama speaks with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006.</div></div></div>
<p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a> through December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation">European Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyan_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyan-185">[185]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_campaigns">Presidential campaigns</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2008">2008</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="671" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg" class="image"><img alt="Electoral map of the 2008 U.S. presidential election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173.</div></div></div>
<p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-186">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC20070210_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20070210-187">[187]</a></sup> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-186">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-188">[188]</a></sup> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">energy independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care reform in the United States">reforming the health care system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>Numerous candidates entered the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<sup id="cite_ref-allocation_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allocation-191">[191]</a></sup> On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1788" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with President-elect Obama in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on November 10, 2008.</div></div></div>
<p>On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-nagourney_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagourney-193">[193]</a></sup> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nagourney_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagourney-193">[193]</a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention speeches in his support.<sup id="cite_ref-delegates_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delegates-194">[194]</a></sup> Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a href="/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Invesco Field at Mile High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-npr1409_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr1409-195">[195]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acceptance_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acceptance-196">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<sup id="cite_ref-small_donations_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_donations-198">[198]</a></sup> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns" title="Campaign finance in the United States">public financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-199">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">presidential debates</a> in September and October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-presidential_debates_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presidential_debates-200">[200]</a></sup> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by McCain.<sup id="cite_ref-electoral_votes_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electoral_votes-201">[201]</a></sup> Obama won 52.9 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup> He became the first African American to be elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008">his victory speech</a> before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-204">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2012">2012</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="image"><img alt="Electoral map of the 2012 U.S. presidential election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="660" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama greets former Governor <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney.</div></div></div>
<p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-clinch1_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-208">[208]</a></sup> and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-clinch2_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-209">[209]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup> With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC-214">[214]</a></sup> Obama became the first Democratic president since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">majority of the popular vote</a> twice.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup> Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a> after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT20130121_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-218">[218]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Presidency_.282009.E2.80.932017.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidency_(2009–2017)">Presidency (2009–2017)</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide to this subject, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_100_days">First 100 days</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama takes <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">the oath of office</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_portrait_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obama_portrait_crop.jpg/220px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obama_portrait_crop.jpg/330px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obama_portrait_crop.jpg/440px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2074" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_portrait_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Official presidential potrait, 2009</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> He ordered the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup> He also revoked President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_policy" title="Mexico City policy">Mexico City policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> for equal-pay lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional four million uninsured children.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="314" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama delivers a <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009">speech at joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</div></div></div>
<p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup> Obama nominated <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">reconciliation bill</a> that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama meets with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a>, November 23, 2009.</div></div></div>
<p>In a <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">major space policy speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup>
</p><p>President Obama's <a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011 State of the Union Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">innovation economics</a> to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and set a goal for 80 percent reliance on "<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">clean</a>" electricity by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</span></h4>
<p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">1969 United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup> to end the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup> In 2016, the Pentagon also ended the policy that barred <a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">transgender people from serving openly in the military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TransBan1_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-243">[243]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCT0114_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCT0114-244">[244]</a></sup> By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-WCT0204_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCT0204-245">[245]</a></sup> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-248">[248]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_(18588276403).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1688" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_(18588276403).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</div></div></div>
<p>During his second <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20130121_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-218">[218]</a></sup> Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of <i><a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a></i> (regarding <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-huffpo-amicus_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-251">[251]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (regarding the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-amicus_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-amicus-252">[252]</a></sup> Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."<sup id="cite_ref-remarksDecision_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remarksDecision-253">[253]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups">White House advisory and oversight groups</span></h4>
<p>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls" title="White House Council on Women and Girls">White House Council on Women and Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a>, having been established by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive-255">[255]</a></sup> The council was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Advisor to the President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexualassault_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexualassault-256">[256]</a></sup> Obama also established the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexualassault_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexualassault-256">[256]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Memo_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memo-257">[257]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom-258">[258]</a></sup> The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<sup id="cite_ref-Memo_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memo-257">[257]</a></sup> The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by Biden.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-259">[259]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/854px--20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="303.71700680272" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="499968" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1093064" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1199096" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1342496" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,280 × 720 (1.41 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1413093" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="124792" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="195552" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="157040" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="186888" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="317456" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="287984" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="577032" data-framerate="29.97"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3A20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3A20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv&amp;lang=vi&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama presents his first <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses" class="extiw" title="commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses">weekly address</a> as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></div></div></div>
<p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the economy recover from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">deepening worldwide recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-direct_assistance_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-direct_assistance-261">[261]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="694" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">debt</a> increases, 2001–16</div></div></div>
<p>In March 2009, Obama's <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis</a>, including introducing the <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.<sup id="cite_ref-markets_opened_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markets_opened-262">[262]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">troubled automotive industry</a><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup> in March 2009, renewing loans for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian automaker <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12 percent stake.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-266">[266]</a></sup> He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" title="Car Allowance Rebate System">Car Allowance Rebate System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department. These guarantees totaled about $11.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion, but only $3<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></sup> Obama and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the 2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget" title="2010 United States federal budget">budget deficit</a> would be $1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></sup> For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit would shrink to $1.34<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion or 90 percent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></sup> The most recent increase in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling" title="United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion took effect in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></sup> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></sup> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>US employment statistics (<a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Theodossiou_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodossiou-279">[279]</a></sup> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-Eddlemon_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eddlemon-280">[280]</a></sup> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></sup> decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></sup> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></sup> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA1_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA1-284">[284]</a></sup> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-BEA1_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEA1-284">[284]</a></sup> In July 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></sup> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-estimated_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimated-287">[287]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newc_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-288">[288]</a></sup> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million,<sup id="cite_ref-newc_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-288">[288]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></sup> while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<sup id="cite_ref-estimated_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimated-287">[287]</a></sup> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics" title="National Association for Business Economics">National Association for Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></sup> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within a month of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax rates</a>, a one-year <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax">payroll tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></sup> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a> is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food worker strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change policy of the United States</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="/wiki/BP_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="BP oil spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></div></div></div>
<p>While campaigning, Obama expressed hope that Congress would regulate greenhouse gases and that, as a second-best route, such regulation would come from the Environmental Protection Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_drilling" title="Deepwater drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></sup> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions".<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></sup> Obama's advisers called for a halt to <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a> in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></sup> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></sup> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his power under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a> during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<sup id="cite_ref-Monuments_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monuments-309">[309]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_care_reform">Health care reform</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform in the United States">Healthcare reform in the United States</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.</div></div></div>
<p>Obama called for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation reforming <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States">health care in the United States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<sup id="cite_ref-health_reform_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health_reform-313">[313]</a></sup> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option">public option</a>, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_condition" title="Pre-existing condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="513" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">CRS</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-health_reform_313-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health_reform-313">[313]</a></sup> After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009">a speech to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></sup> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></sup>
</p><p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-319">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-320">[320]</a></sup> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></sup> On March 21, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></sup> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></sup>
</p><p>The ACA includes <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">health-related provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133 percent<span class="nowrap"> </span>of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_ref1_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_ref1-324">[324]</a></sup> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent<span class="nowrap"> </span>of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-325">[325]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></sup> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Health insurance exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-325">[325]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbo_est_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbo_est-327">[327]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="693" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income <a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a href="/wiki/Indoor_tanning" title="Indoor tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Advantage" title="Medicare Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></sup> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></sup> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion over the first decade.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></sup>
</p><p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-uphold_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-uphold-332">[332]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a></i> the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Burwell" title="King v. Burwell">King v. Burwell</a></i> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_policy">Energy policy</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></sup> Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Gun_control">Gun control</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration § Gun policy</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2620" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama visits an <a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" title="2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital" title="University of Colorado Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.</div></div></div>
<p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></sup> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></sup> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></sup> In a 2016 editorial in <i>The New York Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2010_midterm_elections">2010 midterm elections</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010 United States House of Representatives elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2010 United States Senate elections">2010 United States Senate elections</a></div>
<p>Obama called the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">November 2, 2010 election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></sup> "humbling" and a "shellacking".<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></sup> He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy">Cybersecurity and Internet policy</span></h4>
<p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> reclassify <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">broadband Internet service</a> as a telecommunications service in order to preserve <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141110-EW_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-344">[344]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141114_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141114-345">[345]</a></sup> On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13636" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13636">13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity".<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_mass_surveillance">Government mass surveillance</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Barack Obama on mass surveillance</a></div>
<p>In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties protections.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-Snowden_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-348">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-349">[349]</a></sup> In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_349-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-349">[349]</a></sup> In 2011, he signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013 global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-Snowden_348-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-348">[348]</a></sup> but called for increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></sup> The changes which Obama ordered have been described as "modest" however.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning">A New Beginning</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti" title="Bambang Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Barnea" title="Nahum Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "<a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<sup id="cite_ref-preceding_administration_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preceding_administration-354">[354]</a></sup> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></sup> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></sup> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling for "<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<sup id="cite_ref-middleeast_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleeast-359">[359]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></sup> While in Moscow on July 7, he responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">preside</a> over a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></sup> During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></sup> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016,_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1003" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016,_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, October 2016.</div></div></div>
<p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></sup> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<sup id="cite_ref-LAT80713_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT80713-368">[368]</a></sup> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffpo80913_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffpo80913-369">[369]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–Cuban Thaw">normalize relationships</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba and the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></sup> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.
</p><p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></sup> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">arms deals with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></sup> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes <a href="/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<sup id="cite_ref-thelocal2016_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelocal2016-375">[375]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_in_Iraq">War in Iraq</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></div>
<p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></sup> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></sup> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></sup> On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" class="image"><img alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></div></div></div>
<p>In June 2014, following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">capture of Mosul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered a <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-def31-10-14_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def31-10-14-383">[383]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a></sup> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a></sup> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_in_Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan (2001–present)</a></div>
<p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-388">[388]</a></sup> He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></sup> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="/wiki/David_D._McKiernan" title="David D. McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>, with former <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces</a> commander Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-counterinsurgency_tactics_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-390">[390]</a></sup> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></sup> this took place in July 2011. <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></sup> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Israel">Israel</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</div></div></div>
<p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></sup> Obama supports the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></sup> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group" title="Joint Political Military Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></sup> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-400">[400]</a></sup> In 2014, Obama likened the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></sup> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></sup> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad".<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> building in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a></sup> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama Administration's actions,<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></sup> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, on January 6, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a></sup> On January 5, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-409" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Libya">Libya</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President Obama meets with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.</div></div></div>
<p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></sup> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></sup> In response to the unanimous passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi<sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a></sup>—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></sup> yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<sup id="cite_ref-414" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a></sup> including the use of <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)" title="Tomahawk (missile)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a></sup> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> took over leadership of the effort, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NATOPressRelease_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-418">[418]</a></sup> Some Representatives<sup id="cite_ref-LibyaOffensive_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-419">[419]</a></sup> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></div>
<p>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">President Assad</a> to step aside."<sup id="cite_ref-mustgo_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustgo-422">[422]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whstatem_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whstatem-423">[423]</a></sup> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></sup> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></sup> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the wake of a <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013" title="U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013">formally blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<sup id="cite_ref-redline_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redline-428">[428]</a></sup> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>; however attacks with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a></sup> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></div>
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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="514864" data-framerate="30"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&amp;lang=de&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch (de) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&amp;lang=es&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="es" label="español (es) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&amp;lang=it&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="it" label="italiano (it) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden no watermark.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President Obama's address (9:28)<br /><i>Also available:</i> <a href="/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg" title="File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg">Audio only</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden">Full text</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching the live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune's Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Situation Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See also: <a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></div></div></div>
<p>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_432-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-432">[432]</a></sup> CIA head <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_432-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-432">[432]</a></sup> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_432-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-432">[432]</a></sup> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-binLaden_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-433">[433]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ND-binLaden_434-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND-binLaden-434">[434]</a></sup> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-binLaden_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-435">[435]</a></sup> which was buried at sea several hours later.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-ObamaAnnounce_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-436">[436]</a></sup> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-binLaden_433-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-433">[433]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guard-ObamaAnnounce_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-437">[437]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a> was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom-binLaden_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-438">[438]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Iran_nuclear_talks">Iran nuclear talks</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013.</div></div></div>
<p>On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. The administration built new plutonium pits at the Los Alamos lab in New Mexico and expanded enriched uranium processing at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a></sup> In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">negotiations</a> with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, which included an <a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "<a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-442" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a></sup> In addition, the transfer of $1.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions".<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a></sup> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a></sup>
On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Relations_with_Cuba">Relations with Cuba</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in Panama, April 2015</div></div></div>
<p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-447" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a></sup> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<sup id="cite_ref-448" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a></sup> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Death of Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela memorial service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-449" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<sup id="cite_ref-450" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a></sup> Popularly dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement".<sup id="cite_ref-451" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a></sup> On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-452" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a></sup> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-453" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Africa">Africa</span></h4>
<p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progress made in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a href="/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-455" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-456" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a></sup> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa">visit</a> Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-457" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hiroshima_speech">Hiroshima speech</span></h4>
<p>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a> that ended <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-458" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#From_Obama’s_first_term_to_the_election_of_Trump_(2009–16)" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations § From Obama’s first term to the election of Trump (2009–16)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama meets Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September 2015.</div></div></div>
<p>After <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's invasion of Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">military intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States election interference by Russia">interference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ftelect_459-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftelect-459">[459]</a></sup> Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-friedmnyt_460-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedmnyt-460">[460]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<sup id="cite_ref-obexit_461-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obexit-461">[461]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_and_political_image">Cultural and political image</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election">International reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election</a></div>
<p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-462" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a></sup> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-463" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a></sup> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<sup id="cite_ref-464" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<sup id="cite_ref-exceptional_orator_465-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exceptional_orator-465">[465]</a></sup> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-466" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a></sup> In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<sup id="cite_ref-467" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-468" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a></sup> but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<sup id="cite_ref-469" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/220px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/440px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="349" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Presidential approval ratings</div></div></div>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating<sup id="cite_ref-470" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a></sup> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-471" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a></sup> a trend similar to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<sup id="cite_ref-472" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a></sup> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<sup id="cite_ref-473" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-474" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a></sup> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52 percent shortly after his second inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-475" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a></sup> Despite approval ratings dropping to 39 percent in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50 percent in January 2015 according to Gallup.<sup id="cite_ref-476" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a></sup>
</p><p>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-477" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-478" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a></sup> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a> for <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a></i>, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-479" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a></sup> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<sup id="cite_ref-480" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-481" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4021" data-file-height="2629" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>G8 leaders watching the <a href="/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" title="2012 UEFA Champions League Final">2012 UEFA Champions League Final</a></div></div></div>
<p>Obama won <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Best Spoken Word Album</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a> versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i> in February 2006 and for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-482" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008">concession speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>", which was viewed ten million times on YouTube in its first month<sup id="cite_ref-483" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a></sup> and received a <a href="/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award" title="Daytime Emmy Award">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-484" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a></sup> In December 2008 and in 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine named Obama as its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-485" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a></sup> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which <i>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".<sup id="cite_ref-486" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a></sup> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-487" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-488" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_peace_prize_489-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-489">[489]</a></sup> Obama accepted this award in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility".<sup id="cite_ref-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript_490-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-490">[490]</a></sup> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<sup id="cite_ref-491" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-492" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-493" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-494" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a></sup> Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-495" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> praised his speech for what they viewed as pro-American content.<sup id="cite_ref-496" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-497" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a></sup> He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<sup id="cite_ref-498" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a></sup> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect of encouraging the president.<sup id="cite_ref-499" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Post-presidency_.282017.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-presidency_(2017–present)">Post-presidency (2017–present)</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/330px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/440px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3863" data-file-height="2576" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama with his two successors, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, at the latter's <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</div></div></div>
<p>Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a> of his Republican successor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Obama and Biden attended Trump's inaguration.<sup id="cite_ref-500" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-501" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a></sup> After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on <a href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews" title="Joint Base Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-502" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a></sup> The family currently rents a house in <a href="/wiki/Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Kalorama, Washington, D.C.">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-503" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 2, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage".<sup id="cite_ref-504" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a></sup> In his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-505" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a></sup> On May 4, three days ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">French presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed centrist <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> over right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."<sup id="cite_ref-506" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a></sup> Macron went on to win the election.
</p><p>While in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves. Obama had been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-507" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a></sup> Obama traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Harry">Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred five days prior.<sup id="cite_ref-508" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a></sup>
</p><p>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<sup id="cite_ref-509" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1351" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a>, October 2017</div></div></div>
<p>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a href="/wiki/Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017">Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America".<sup id="cite_ref-510" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a></sup> On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-511" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a></sup>
</p><p>After Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> announced the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-512" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a></sup> Two days later, he partnered with former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> to work with <a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-513" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama Foundation</a> in Chicago from October 31 to November 1, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-514" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a></sup> Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<sup id="cite_ref-515" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a></sup> Obama has also written a presidential memoir, in a reported $65<span class="nowrap"> </span>million deal with <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_516-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymag-516">[516]</a></sup> The book, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a></i>, was released on November 17, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-517" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-518" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-519" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama went on an <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international trip</a> from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, India and France. In China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and met with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-520" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-521" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a></sup> He then went to India, where he spoke at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-522" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-523" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a></sup> He also met with the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-524" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a></sup> He ended his five-day trip in France where he met with French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, former President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event, touching on climate issues.<sup id="cite_ref-525" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2018, Obama criticized President Trump's decision to withdraw from the nuclear deal with Iran under the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> saying "the deal was working and it was in U.S. interests."<sup id="cite_ref-526" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a></sup>
</p><p>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas' newly formed production company, <a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a>. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to others."<sup id="cite_ref-527" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-528" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a></sup> Higher Ground's first film, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Factory" title="American Factory">American Factory</a>,</i> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-529" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a></sup>
</p><p>A package that contained a <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">pipe bomb</a> was sent to Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> during routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced strong objections to the policies of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, as well as one to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the purported sender of the packages. On October 26, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Sayoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesar Sayoc">Cesar Sayoc</a> was arrested and faced five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in relation to the pipe bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-530" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-531" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a></sup> He was sentenced to a maximum of 20 years in prison on August 5, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-sentence_532-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentence-532">[532]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck" title="Wyc Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-533" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-534" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 16, 2019, five days ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">Canadian federal election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-535" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:210120-D-WD757-1249_(50861341397).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg/220px-210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg/330px-210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg/440px-210120-D-WD757-1249_%2850861341397%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7944" data-file-height="5296" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:210120-D-WD757-1249_(50861341397).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Obama and his wife <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a></div></div></div>
<p>On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed his former vice president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a>, stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now".<sup id="cite_ref-536" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-537" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2020, Obama criticized President Trump for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the Trump presidency have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before".<sup id="cite_ref-538" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a></sup> Michelle also criticized Trump, calling him "the wrong president for America". Trump retaliated by accusing Obama of having committed "the biggest political crime in American history", though he refused to say what he was talking about, telling reporters, "You know what the crime is, the crime is very obvious to everybody."<sup id="cite_ref-539" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 16, 2020, Obama delivered two <a href="/wiki/Commencement_speech" title="Commencement speech">commencement speeches</a> on behalf of the graduating youth who were not able to go to their physical graduation ceremonies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. His first speech was for part of the video streamed online program, "Show Me Your Walk H.B.C.U. Edition" virtual commencement.<sup id="cite_ref-540" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a></sup> In his address, he spoke about systemic racism, touching on both the pandemic, the shooting death of <a href="/wiki/Ahmaud_Arbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a>, and the fight to stay politically active saying, "The fight for equality and justice begins with awareness, empathy, passion, even righteous anger. Don't just activate yourself online, change requires strategy, action, organizing, marching, and voting in the real world like never before." His next commencement address was a part of a nationally televised event, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Together:_America_Honors_the_High_School_Class_of_2020" title="Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020">Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020</a></i> which aired on <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-541" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early December 2020, Obama criticized the "<a href="/wiki/Defund_the_police" title="Defund the police">defund the police</a>" slogan, claiming that it could derail <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice activists'</a> attempts at making change and that "you lost a big audience the minute you say it".<sup id="cite_ref-542" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 20, 2021, Obama and Michelle attended the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a>, alongside George W. Bush, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>, Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-543" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2021, Obama and musician <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> started a podcast called <i>Renegades: Born in the USA</i> where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their "enduring love of America.""<sup id="cite_ref-544" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-545" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:372px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/555px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/740px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="750" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term</div></div></div>
<p>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_546-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-546">[546]</a></sup> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States">U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberlander2010_547-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberlander2010-547">[547]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_548-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-548">[548]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CohenEtAl_549-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenEtAl-549">[549]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTsigning_550-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTsigning-550">[550]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_546-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-546">[546]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3 million jobs from the month after <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">his first inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<sup id="cite_ref-551" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a></sup> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it brought the most significant changes to <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-552" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">existing federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaged in a federally protected activity.
</p><p>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<sup id="cite_ref-553" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a></sup> In 2010, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from <a href="/wiki/Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian, gay and bisexual">LGB</a> people; the law went into effect the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-554" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a></sup> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-555" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TransBan1_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-243">[243]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during Obama's eight years in office.<sup id="cite_ref-556" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-556">[556]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strikes">drone strikes</a> against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-557" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-558" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a></sup> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-559" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-559">[559]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-560" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-560">[560]</a></sup> Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-561" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-562" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Bureau of Justice Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-563" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.<sup id="cite_ref-564" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-564">[564]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-565" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-565">[565]</a></sup> A 2018 survey of historians by the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> ranked Obama the <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">8th-greatest American President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?-3">[3]</a></sup> Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> that ranked him the 18th-greatest American President.<sup id="cite_ref-566" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-566">[566]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_library">Presidential library</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Barack Obama Presidential Center</a></div>
<p>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and located in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-567" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-567">[567]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography of Barack Obama</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h3>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFObama1995" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-2343-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-2343-X"><bdi>0-8129-2343-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995-07-18&rft.isbn=0-8129-2343-X&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">——————— (October 17, 2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2010" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 16, 2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing</a></i> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Books_for_Young_Readers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Books for Young Readers">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8"><bdi>978-0-375-83527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Thee+I+Sing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-375-83527-8&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2020" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 17, 2020). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a></i> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9"><bdi>978-1-5247-6316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Promised+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-6316-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Audiobooks">Audiobooks</span></h3>
<ul><li>2006: <i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i> (read by the author), <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7">978-0-7393-6641-7</a></li>
<li>2020: <i>A Promised Land</i> (read by the author)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation journal cs1">Obama, Barack (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html">"Why organize? Problems in the inner city"</a>. <i>Illinois Issues</i>. <b>XIV</b> (8 & 9): 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=8+%26+9&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F1988%2Fii880840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama1990" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>103</b> (3): 823–828. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341352">10.2307/1341352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1341352">1341352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Tort+Law.+Prenatal+Injuries.+Supreme+Court+of+Illinois+Refuses+to+Recognize+Cause+of+Action+Brought+by+Fetus+against+Its+Mother+for+Unintentional+Infliction+of+Prenatal+Injuries.+Stallman+v.+Youngquist%2C+125+Ill.+2d+267%2C+531+N.+E.2d+355+%281988%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=823-828&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341352&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> Uncredited case comment.<sup id="cite_ref-568" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a></sup></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2005" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/bound-to-the-word/">"Bound to the Word"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Libraries" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a></i>. <b>36</b> (7): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25649652">25649652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=Bound+to+the+Word&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25649652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2Fbound-to-the-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObamaClinton2006" class="citation journal cs1">———————; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton, Hillary</a> (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>. <b>354</b> (21): 2205–2208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp068100">10.1056/NEJMp068100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723612">16723612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Making+Patient+Safety+the+Centerpiece+of+Medical+Liability+Reform&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2205-2208&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp068100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16723612&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Hillary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2007" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-07-01/renewing-american-leadership">"Renewing American Leadership"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>86</b> (4): 2–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20032411">20032411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Renewing+American+Leadership&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20032411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2007-07-01%2Frenewing-american-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2008" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431">"A More Perfect Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Scholar" title="The Black Scholar">The Black Scholar</a></i>. <b>38</b> (1): 17–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431">10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41069296">41069296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219318643">219318643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.atitle=A+More+Perfect+Union&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219318643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41069296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.org/obama/">"What Science Can Do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology" title="Issues in Science and Technology">Issues in Science and Technology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 23–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/43314908">43314908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=What+Science+Can+Do&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=23-30&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43314908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissues.org%2Fobama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2009). "A New Beginning". <i>Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (ZSE)</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F1610-7780-2009-2-173">10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/26165626">26165626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Staats-+und+Europawissenschaften+%28ZSE%29&rft.atitle=A+New+Beginning&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-186&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F1610-7780-2009-2-173&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26165626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2016" class="citation magazine cs1">——————— (January 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html">"Our Shared Responsibility"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 23 (Section A).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Our+Shared+Responsibility&rft.pages=23+%28Section+A%29&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fpresident-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2016" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (August 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069435">"United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i>. <b>130</b> (5): 811–866. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069435">5069435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27400401">27400401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=United+States+Health+Care+Reform%3A+Progress+to+Date+and+Next+Steps&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=811-866&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27400401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (January 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf">"The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>130</b> (3): 811–866. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/44865604">44865604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Role+in+Advancing+Criminal+Justice+Reform&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=811-866&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44865604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2F811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6321/126">"The irreversible momentum of clean energy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>355</b> (6321): 126–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...355..126O">2017Sci...355..126O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284">10.1126/science.aam6284</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069665">28069665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30991274">30991274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+irreversible+momentum+of+clean+energy&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=6321&rft.pages=126-129&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30991274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28069665&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...355..126O&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F355%2F6321%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=publichealthresources">"Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—The Risks to American Health Care"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_%26_Gynecological_Survey" title="Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey">Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey</a></i>. <b>72</b> (5): 263–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447">10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrical+%26+Gynecological+Survey&rft.atitle=Repealing+the+ACA+Without+a+Replacement%E2%80%94The+Risks+to+American+Health+Care&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=263-264&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1493%26context%3Dpublichealthresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/28px-Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/42px-Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/56px-Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chicago" title="Portal:Chicago">Chicago portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/48px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/64px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Illinois portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/32px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/48px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/64px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009">Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IRS_targeting_controversy" title="IRS targeting controversy">IRS targeting controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan (United States)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SPEECH_Act" title="SPEECH Act">SPEECH Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stay_with_It" title="Stay with It">Stay with It</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lists">Lists</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama">Assassination threats against Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">List of African-American United States senators</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009–2017_Barack_Obama_Administration" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">List of federal political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">List of things named after Barack Obama</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao"><span class="plainlinks">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx">"Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+First+Retrospective+Job+Approval+Rating+Is+63%25&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F226994%2Fobama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRottinghausVaughn2018" class="citation news cs1">Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html">"Opinion | How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+How+Does+Trump+Stack+Up+Against+the+Best%E2%80%94and+Worst%E2%80%94Presidents%3F&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Rottinghaus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Justin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fhow-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWanClement2016" class="citation news cs1">Wan, William; Clement, Scott (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html">"Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Most+of+the+world+doesn%27t+actually+see+America+the+way+Trump+said+it+did&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Clement%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fnational%2Fobama-legacy%2Fglobal-approval-rating.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-biography-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biography_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">the original</a> on October 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-birth-certificate-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth-certificate_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth%3A+Barack+Hussein+Obama+II%2C+August+4%2C+1961%2C+7%3A24+pm%2C+Honolulu&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-long-form.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-maraniss-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maraniss_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Though+Obama+had+to+leave+to+find+himself%2C+it+is+Hawaii+that+made+his+rise+possible&rft.pages=A22&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FAR2008082301620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNakaso,_Dan2008" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a></i>. p. B1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Twin+sisters%2C+Obama+on+parallel+paths+for+years&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.au=Nakaso%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F22%2Fln%2Fhawaii812220320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBarretoRichard_L._O'Bryant2013" class="citation book cs1">Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">"Introduction"</a>. <i>American Identity in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9"><bdi>978-1-317-93715-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=American+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93715-9&rft.aulast=Barreto&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%ADlcar+Antonio&rft.au=Richard+L.+O%27Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VQVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/scotland-around-the-world/scotland-and-the-usa">"Scotland and the USA | Scotland.org"</a>. <i>Scotland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland&rft.atitle=Scotland+and+the+USA+%26%23124%3B+Scotland.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.org%2Fabout-scotland%2Fscotland-around-the-world%2Fscotland-and-the-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/us-presidents-strongest-scottish-roots-1481615">"The US presidents with the strongest Scottish roots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=The+US+presidents+with+the+strongest+Scottish+roots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fwhats-on%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fus-presidents-strongest-scottish-roots-1481615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/obama-discovers-his-scots-irish-roots-to-tackle-trump">"Obama discovers his Scots-Irish roots to tackle Trump"</a>. July 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+discovers+his+Scots-Irish+roots+to+tackle+Trump&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2Fobama-discovers-his-scots-irish-roots-to-tackle-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSellersBlake" class="citation news cs1">Sellers, Frances Stead; Blake, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/28/our-first-black-president-just-played-up-his-scots-irish-heritage-and-it-has-everything-to-do-with-trump/">"Our first black president plays up his Scots-Irish heritage — and it has everything to do with Trump"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Our+first+black+president+plays+up+his+Scots-Irish+heritage+%E2%80%94+and+it+has+everything+to+do+with+Trump&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Frances+Stead&rft.au=Blake%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F07%2F28%2Four-first-black-president-just-played-up-his-scots-irish-heritage-and-it-has-everything-to-do-with-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/obamas-scotch-irish-ancestry-speech-clever-bid-boost-hillary-1215631">"Obama's Scotch-Irish ancestry speech '˜clever bid to boost Hillary<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>www.newsletter.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newsletter.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Scotch-Irish+ancestry+speech+%27%CB%9Cclever+bid+to+boost+Hillary%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobamas-scotch-irish-ancestry-speech-clever-bid-boost-hillary-1215631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSmolenyak,_Megan_Smolenyak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46">"The quest for Obama's Irish roots"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 46–47, 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X">1075-475X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+Obama%27s+Irish+roots&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=46-47%2C+49&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft.issn=1075-475X&rft.au=Smolenyak%2C+Megan+Smolenyak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSmolenyak,_Megan2011" class="citation news cs1">Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Tracing+Barack+Obama%27s+Roots+to+Moneygall&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.au=Smolenyak%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmegan-smolenyak-smolenyak%2Ftracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRising,_DavidNoelting,_Christoph2009" class="citation news cs1">Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm">"Researchers: Obama has German roots"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Researchers%3A+Obama+has+German+roots&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.au=Rising%2C+David&rft.au=Noelting%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHuttonNickerson2007" class="citation news cs1">Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=For+sure%2C+Obama%27s+South+Side+Irish%3B+One+of+his+roots+traces+back+to+small+village&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Nickerson%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28For%2520sure%29%2520%28%2520Obama%27s%2520South%2520Side%2520Irish%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28For%2520sure%29%2520%28%2520Obama%27s%2520South%2520Side%2520Irish%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJordon,_Mary2007" class="citation news cs1">Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tiny+Irish+village+is+latest+place+to+claim+Obama+as+its+own&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.au=Jordon%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F12%2FAR2007051201551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Williamson2008" class="citation news cs1">David Williamson (July 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">"Wales link in US presidential candidate's past"</a>. walesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">the original</a> on May 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wales+link+in+US+presidential+candidate%27s+past&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.au=David+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwelsh-politics%2Fwelsh-politics-news%2F2008%2F07%2F05%2Fgenealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-ancestry-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">"Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094350/http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 30, 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessey, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/30/news/la-pn-obama-related-to-legendary-virginia-slave-genealogist-says-20120730">"Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. July 30, 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKipkemboi2008" class="citation news cs1">Kipkemboi, Andrew (June 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222013358/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-06-01-0806010145-story.html">"Kenyans Enthusiastic About Obama"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-06-01-0806010145-story.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Kenyans+Enthusiastic+About+Obama&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.aulast=Kipkemboi&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2008-06-01-0806010145-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">"President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Father%3A+A+%27Bold+And+Reckless+Life%27&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F07%2F11%2F137553552%2Fpresident-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSwaine2011" class="citation news cs1">Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+father+%27forced+out+of+US+in+1960s%27&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft.aulast=Swaine&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fbarackobama%2F8481779%2FBarack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRachel_L._Swarns" class="citation news cs1">Rachel L. Swarns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html">"Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son—The New York Times"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Words+of+Obama%27s+Father+Still+Waiting+to+Be+Read+by+His+Son%E2%80%94The+New+York+Times&rft.au=Rachel+L.+Swarns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F19%2Fnyregion%2Fletters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R_Arnott" class="citation news cs1">David R Arnott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948">"From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election"</a>. <i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=From+Obama%27s+old+school+to+his+ancestral+village%2C+world+reacts+to+US+presidential+election&rft.au=David+R+Arnott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fphoto%2Fobamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jones_2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Tim2007" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">the original</a> on February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Mother+not+just+a+girl+from+Kansas%3B+Stanley+Ann+Dunham+shaped+a+future+senator&rft.pages=1+%28Tempo%29&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.au=Jones%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbppr.dyndns.org%2F~gbpprorg%2Fobama%2Fbarack.mother.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
<ul><li>Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ripley_2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ripley_2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRipley,_Amanda2008" class="citation news cs1">Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html">"The story of Barack Obama's mother"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+mother&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.au=Ripley%2C+Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1729685%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), p. 86.
<ul><li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
<ul><li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
<ul><li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOchieng,_Philip2004" class="citation news cs1">Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_EastAfrican" title="The EastAfrican">The EastAfrican</a></i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EastAfrican&rft.atitle=From+home+squared+to+the+US+Senate%3A+how+Barack+Obama+was+lost+and+found&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.au=Ochieng%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmedia.com%2FEastAfrican%2F01112004%2FFeatures%2FPA2-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMerida,_Kevin2007" class="citation news cs1">Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html">"The ghost of a father"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+ghost+of+a+father&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.au=Merida%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F2007%2F12%2F13%2FST2007121301893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSerrano,_Richard_A.2007" class="citation news cs1">Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">"Obama's peers didn't see his angst"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. A20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">the original</a> on November 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+peers+didn%27t+see+his+angst&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=2007-03-11&rft.au=Serrano%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11%2C0%2C199085%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
<ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSuhartono2010" class="citation news cs1">Suhartono, Anton (March 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2010/03/19/337/313977/sekolah-di-sd-asisi-obama-berstatus-agama-islam">"Sekolah di SD Asisi, Obama Berstatus Agama Islam"</a>. <i>Okezone</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Okezone&rft.atitle=Sekolah+di+SD+Asisi%2C+Obama+Berstatus+Agama+Islam&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=Suhartono&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnasional.okezone.com%2Fread%2F2010%2F03%2F19%2F337%2F313977%2Fsekolah-di-sd-asisi-obama-berstatus-agama-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler">"Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog"</a>. calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Calvert+Homeschooler%3F%E2%80%94Calvert+Education+Blog&rft.pub=calverteducation.com&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calverteducation.com%2Fcalvert%2Fbarack-obama-calvert-homeschooler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYIK9QtNu3w">"Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part 2)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Wawancara+Eksklusif+RCTI+dengan+Barack+Obama+%28Part+2%29&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJYIK9QtNu3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-in_Jakarta-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-in_Jakarta_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZimmer,_Benjamin2009" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">"Obama's Indonesian Redux"</a>. Language Log. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+Indonesian+Redux&rft.pub=Language+Log&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D1025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">"Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">Kompas</a></i> (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">the original</a> on December 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Saya+Kangen+Nasi+Goreng%2C+Bakso%2C+dan+Rambutan&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcetak.kompas.com%2Fread%2Fxml%2F2008%2F11%2F26%2F00223862%2Fobama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-in_Jakarta2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZimmer,_Benjamin2009" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Benjamin (January 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052">"Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Indonesian+pleasantries%3A+the+video&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D1052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2008" class="citation news cs1">Meacham, Jon (August 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011">"What Barack Obama Learned from His Father"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=What+Barack+Obama+Learned+from+His+Father&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhat-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSerafin,_Peter2004" class="citation news cs1">Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html">"Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin" title="Honolulu Star-Bulletin">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+grad+stirs+up+Illinois+politics&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=Serafin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2004%2F03%2F21%2Fnews%2Fstory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2008" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+free-spirited+wanderer+who+set+Obama%27s+path&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F14obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>
<li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2008" class="citation news cs1">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=When+Barry+Became+Barack&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhen-barry-became-barack-84255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
<ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
<ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReyes,_B.J.2007" class="citation news cs1">Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2007</span>. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+left+lasting+impression+on+Obama&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=Reyes%2C+B.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fnews%2Fstory02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_Philip2007" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the original</a> on April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+gets+blunt+with+N.H.+students&rft.pages=8A&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2007-11-21%2Fnews%2F29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKarl2012" class="citation news cs1">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+and+his+pot-smoking+%22choom+gang%22&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5"><bdi>978-0-307-39412-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39412-5&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRCHJp-V0QUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss2012" class="citation book cs1">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-6753-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.pages=pages+with+%22choom+gang%22&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6753-3&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnna9CLtblAC%26q%3Dchoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSeelye,_Katharine_Q.2006" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+offers+more+variations+from+the+norm&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRomano,_Lois2007" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Obama%27s+candor+remains+to+be+seen&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft.au=Romano%2C+Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F02%2FAR2007010201359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRONTLINE+The+Choice+2012&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Ffrontline-choice-2012-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Occidental-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Occidental_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occidental_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. B1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">the original</a> on May 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+recalls+%27Barry%27+Obama&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fjan%2F29%2Flocal%2Fme-oxy29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPossley2007" class="citation news cs1">Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism blossomed in college"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Activism+blossomed+in+college&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Possley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKovaleski2008" class="citation news cs1">Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Old+friends+say+drugs+played+bit+part+in+Obama%27s+young+life&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-02-09&rft.aulast=Kovaleski&rft.aufirst=Serge+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRohter2008" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+says+real-life+experience+trumps+rivals%27+foreign+policy+credits&rft.pages=A18&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F10obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_AdamRobert_Tanner2008" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Old+friends+recall+Obama%27s+years+in+LA%2C+NYC&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Adam&rft.au=Robert+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHelman2008" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full">"Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. 1A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Small+college+awakened+future+senator+to+service+%28subscription+archive%29&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F25%2Fsmall_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip">"More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip"</a>. FactCheck.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=More+%27birther%27+nonsense%3A+Obama%27s+1981+Pakistan+trip&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2009%2F06%2Fmore-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation book cs1">Remnick, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama"><i>The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/98">98–112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-4360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-112&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBoss-Bicak,_Shira2005" class="citation news cs1">Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">"Barack Obama '83"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820">0572-7820</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">the original</a> on September 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+Today&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%2783&rft.date=2005-01&rft.issn=0572-7820&rft.au=Boss-Bicak%2C+Shira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct_archive%2Fjan05%2Fcover.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall">"Remarks by the President in Town Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. June 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+the+President+in+Town+Hall&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2014%2F06%2F26%2Fremarks-president-town-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/">"The Approval Matrix"</a>. <i>New York</i>. August 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=The+Approval+Matrix&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Farts%2Fall%2Fapprovalmatrix%2Fapproval-matrix-2012-8-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2008" class="citation news cs1">Horsley, Scott (July 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754">"Obama's Early Brush With Financial Markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Early+Brush+With+Financial+Markets&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92337754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama,_Barack1998" class="citation web cs1">Obama, Barack (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">"Curriculum vitae"</a>. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curriculum+vitae&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Law+School&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uchicago.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fobama%2Fcv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFIssenberg,_Sasha2008" class="citation news cs1">Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full">"Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. 1A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/">the original</a> on November 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+shows+hints+of+his+year+in+global+finance%3B+Tied+markets+to+social+aid&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.au=Issenberg%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F06%2Fobama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. B1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+account+of+New+York+often+differs+from+what+others+say&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChassie,_Karen2007" class="citation book cs1">Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0"><bdi>978-0-8379-7011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+America%2C+2008&rft.place=New+Providence%2C+NJ&rft.pages=3468&rft.pub=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8379-7011-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFink2008" class="citation news cs1">Fink, Jason (November 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513">"Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Obama+stood+out%2C+even+during+brief+1985+NYPIRG+job&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-york%2Fobama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10">"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First"</a>. <i>The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oprah+Winfrey+Show&rft.atitle=Keeping+Hope+Alive%3A+Barack+Obama+Puts+Family+First&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Fslideshow%2Foprahshow%2Foprahshow1_ss_20061018%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFornek2007" class="citation news cs1">Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">"Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">the original</a> on January 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Half+Siblings%3A+%27A+Complicated+Family%27&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=Fornek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545462%2CBSX-News-wotrees09.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">"Interactive Family Tree"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Interactive+Family+Tree&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fimages%2Fcds%2Fspecial%2Ffamily_tree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFornek2007" class="citation news cs1">Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng">"Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232433/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Madelyn+Payne+Dunham%3A+%27A+Trailblazer%27&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=Fornek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545449%2CBSX-News-wotreeee09.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">"Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer"</a>. CNN. November 3, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+grandmother+dies+after+battle+with+cancer&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F11%2F03%2Fobama.grandma%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSmolenyak2011" class="citation news cs1">Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Tracing+Barack+Obama%27s+Roots+to+Moneygall&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.aulast=Smolenyak&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmegan-smolenyak-smolenyak%2Ftracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNitkinHarry_Merritt2007" class="citation news cs1">Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story">"A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+New+Twist+to+an+Intriguing+Family+History&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Nitkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Harry+Merritt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fpolitics%2Fbal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJordan2007" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tiny+Irish+Village+Is+Latest+Place+to+Claim+Obama+as+Its+Own&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F12%2FAR2007051201551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">"Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises"</a>. CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Family+Tree+Has+a+Few+Surprises&rft.date=2007-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Ftopstories%2FBarack.Obama.family.2.339709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHosie2017" class="citation news cs1">Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html">"BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=BEFORE+MICHELLE%3A+THE+STORY+OF+BARACK+OBAMA%27S+PROPOSAL+TO+SHEILA+MIYOSHI+JAGER&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Hosie&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fbefore-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTobias2017" class="citation news cs1">Tobias, Andrew J. (May 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html">"Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals"</a>. <i>The Plain Dealer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Oberlin+College+professor+received+unsuccessful+marriage+proposal+from+Barack+Obama+in+1980s%2C+new+biography+reveals&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F05%2Foberlin_college_professor_rece.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/">"Obama '85 masters balancing act"</a>. <i>The Daily Princetonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049">the original</a> on February 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Princetonian&rft.atitle=Obama+%2785+masters+balancing+act&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2F2005%2F12%2F07%2F14049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (2006), p. 329.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFornek,_Scott2007" class="citation news cs1">Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208051056/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng">"Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng">the original</a> on December 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama%3A+%27He+Swept+Me+Off+My+Feet%27&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.au=Fornek%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2F585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2018" class="citation news cs1">Riley-Smith, Ben (November 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/">"Michelle Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. The Daily Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama+had+miscarriage%2C+used+IVF+to+conceive+girls&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F09%2Fmichelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html">"Born on the 4th of July"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Born+on+the+4th+of+July&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fjonathanmartin%2F0708%2FBorn_on_the_4th_of_July.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153">"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama"</a>. Gannett News Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+2008+Information+Center%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Gannett+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gannettnewsservice.com%2F%3Fcat%3D153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php">"Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. November 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php">the original</a> on January 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obamas+choose+private+Sidwell+Friends+School&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F11%2F22%2Famerica%2FObama-School.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCooper2009" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html">"One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Obama+Search+Ends+With+a+Puppy+Named+Bo&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F13obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Feldmann-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldmann_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFeldmann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Feldmann, Linda (August 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video">"New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+little+girl+arrives+at+White+House.+Meet+Sunny+Obama.+%28%2Bvideo%29&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2013%2F0820%2FNew-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSilva2008" class="citation news cs1">Silva, Mark (August 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">"Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+White+Sox+%27serious%27+ball&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2008%2F08%2Fbarack_obama_white_sox_serious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704194211/http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700">"Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit"</a>. MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700">the original</a> on July 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+Explains+White+Sox+Jacket%2C+Talks+Nats+in+All-Star+Booth+Visit&rft.pub=MLB+Fanhouse&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yardbarker.com%2Fall_sports%2Farticles%2Fbarack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit%2F803700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Steelers-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steelers_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBranigin2009" class="citation news cs1">Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html">"Steelers Win Obama's Approval"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <q>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Steelers+Win+Obama%27s+Approval&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Branigin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F29%2FAR2009012903196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">"1985 Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">the original</a> on May 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1985+Bears+honored+by+President+Obama&rft.pub=Chicago+Bears&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobears.com%2Fnews%2Farticle-1%2F85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House%2FA3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKantor2007" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Place+Where+Obama+Goes+Elbow+to+Elbow&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F01hoops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html">"The Love of the Game"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</i>. HBO. April 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Sports+with+Bryant+Gumbel&rft.atitle=The+Love+of+the+Game&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%23%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%2F0%2F133-april-15-2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStolbergKirkpatrick,_David_D.Shane,_Scott2009" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html">"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+First+Day%2C+Obama+Quickly+Sets+a+New+Tone&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2005" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story">"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story">the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+first+time+around%3A+Sen.+Obama%27s+freshman+year&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fchi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-corruption_charges-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corruption_charges_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2006" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html">"Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+says+he+regrets+land+deal+with+fundraiser&rft.date=2006-12-17&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2FAR2006121600729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24973282">"Rezko found guilty in corruption case"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Rezko+found+guilty+in+corruption+case&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F24973282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html">"Obama's Money"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNNMoney" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNMoney">CNNMoney</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Money&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marlys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Fmoneymag%2F0712%2Fgallery.candidates.moneymag%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><br />See also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoldfarb2007" class="citation news cs1">Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html">"Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Measuring+Wealth+of+the+%2708+Candidates&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Zachary+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F24%2FAR2007032400305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2008" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html">"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Sales+Lifted+Obamas%27+Income+in+2007+to+a+Total+of+%244.2+Million&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F17obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-networth12-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-networth12_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWolf2012" class="citation news cs1">Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1">"Obama worth as much as $10 million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+worth+as+much+as+%2410+million&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-worth-as-much-as-10-million%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVictor2016" class="citation news cs1">Victor, Daniel (August 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html">"Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Writes+Feminist+Essay+in+Glamour&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F05%2Fus%2Fobama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Christian-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">"American President: Barack Obama"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">the original</a> on January 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Religion: Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+President%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Facademic%2Famericanpresident%2Fobama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-social_change-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-social_change_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation news cs1">Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html">"My Spiritual Journey"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=My+Spiritual+Journey&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation web cs1">Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Call to Renewal' Keynote Address"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">the original</a> on January 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Call+to+Renewal%27+Keynote+Address&rft.pub=Barack+Obama%3A+U.S.+Senator+for+Illinois&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fspeech%2F060628-call_to_renewal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPulliamOlsen2008" class="citation news cs1">Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2">"Q&A: Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2008%2Fjanuaryweb-only%2F104-32.0.html%3Fstart%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-APbychoice-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APbychoice_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBabingtonSuperville2010" class="citation news cs1">Babington, Charles; Superville, Darlene (September 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">"Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+%27Christian+By+Choice%27%3A+President+Responds+To+Questioner&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.aulast=Babington&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Superville%2C+Darlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F09%2F28%2Fobama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713041729/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me/">"President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a></i>. September 29, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=President+Obama%3A+%27I+am+a+Christian+By+Choice+...+The+Precepts+of+Jesus+Spoke+to+Me%27&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fpoliticalpunch%2F2010%2F09%2Fpresident-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Trinity-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trinity_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGarrettObama2008" class="citation news cs1">Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html">"Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. RealClearPolitics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+talks+to+Major+Garrett+on+%27Hannity+%26+Colmes%27&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Major&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2Fobama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. Associated Press. April 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+strongly+denounces+former+pastor&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F24371827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">"Finding his faith"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ffinding-his-faith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation book cs1">Remnick, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama"><i>The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177"><span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177</span></a>]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-4360-6</bdi></a>. <q>In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgelifeand00remn%2Fpage%2F177+%3Cspan+class%3D%22plainlinks%22%3E177%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887">p. 557</a></span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Baker (author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i>Obama: The Call of History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" title="The New York Times Company">The New York Times Company</a>/Callaway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935112-90-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935112-90-0"><bdi>978-0-935112-90-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033">1002264033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+The+Call+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company%2FCallaway&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1002264033&rft.isbn=978-0-935112-90-0&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. Associated Press. November 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F27775757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFParker2013" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Ashley (December 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html">"As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+the+Obamas+Celebrate+Christmas%2C+Rituals+of+Faith+Become+Less+Visible&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F29%2Fus%2Fas-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGilgoff2009" class="citation news cs1">Gilgoff, Dan (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt">"TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=TIME+Report%2C+White+House+Reaction+Raise+More+Questions+About+Obama%27s+Church+Hunt&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.aulast=Gilgoff&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fgod-and-country%2F2009%2F06%2F30%2Ftime-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/">"First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church"</a>. CBS DC. Associated Press. April 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Lady%3A+We+Use+Sundays+For+Naps+If+We%27re+Not+Going+To+Church&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashington.cbslocal.com%2F2014%2F04%2F22%2Ffirst-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece">"Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. January 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Obama+always+carries+Hanuman+statuette+in+pocket&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FRevealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket%2Farticle14001552.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox6LidnmbPM">"Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+Reveals+Lucky+Charms+During+Interview&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dox6LidnmbPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol. 236 no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+agitator%3A+Barack+Obama%27s+unlikely+political+education&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=22-26%2C+28-29&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSecterMcCormick2007" class="citation news cs1">Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait of a pragmatist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the original</a> on December 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+pragmatist&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Secter&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMatchan1990" class="citation news cs1">Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review breakthrough"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=A+Law+Review+breakthrough&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1990-02-15&rft.aulast=Matchan&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F1990%2F02%2F15%2Fa_law_review_breakthrough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCorr1990" class="citation news cs1">Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"From mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p. C01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=From+mean+streets+to+hallowed+halls&rft.pages=C01&rft.date=1990-02-27&rft.aulast=Corr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_multi%3DPI%257CDN%257C%26p_product%3DPHNP%26p_theme%3Dphnp%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3DAuthor%2528John%2520Corr%2529%2520AND%2520date%252802%2F27%2F1990%2520to%252002%2F27%2F1990%2529%2520AND%2520date%2528all%2529%26p_field_advanced-0%3DAuthor%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%2528John%2520Corr%2529%26p_bool_advanced-1%3DAND%26p_params_advanced-1%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_field_advanced-1%3DYMD_date%26p_text_advanced-1%3D%252802%2F27%2F1990%2520to%252002%2F27%2F1990%2529%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". <i>Illinois Issues</i>. Vol. 14 no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+and+promise+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988-08%2F1988-09&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted in:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKnoepfle,_Peg1990" class="citation book cs1">Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). <i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9620873-3-2</bdi></a>. <q>He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Alinsky%3A+community+organizing+in+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pages=35-40&rft.pub=Sangamon+State+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9620873-3-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Obama_2012-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obama_2012_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2012" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6"><bdi>978-1-250-01005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+then+life+happens%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=189-208%2C+212-216&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-250-01005-6&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Auma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
<ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wgbh-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></i>. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 24, 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WGBH%2C+American+Archive+of+Public+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Ten+O%27Clock+News%3B+Derrick+Bell+threatens+to+leave+Harvard&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonlocaltv.org%2Fcatalog%2FV_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJoey_Del_PonteSomerville_Scout_Staff" class="citation news cs1">Joey Del Ponte; Somerville Scout Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the Water"</a>. <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p. 26. <q>Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway<span class="nowrap"> </span>... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somerville+Scout&rft.atitle=Something+in+the+Water&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2014&rft.pages=26&rft.au=Joey+Del+Ponte&rft.au=Somerville+Scout+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoutsomerville.com%2Ffeature-something-in-the-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMichael_LevensonJonathan_Saltzman2007" class="citation news cs1">Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard Law, a unifying voice"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 1A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=At+Harvard+Law%2C+a+unifying+voice&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.au=Michael+Levenson&rft.au=Jonathan+Saltzman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fat_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKantor,_Jodi2007" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found political voice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+law+school%2C+Obama+found+political+voice&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.au=Kantor%2C+Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMundy,_Liza2007" class="citation news cs1">Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A series of fortunate events"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. W10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+series+of+fortunate+events&rft.pages=W10&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Liza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F08%2FAR2007080802038_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_Fox1990" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+black+elected+to+head+Harvard%27s+Law+Review&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=1990-02-06&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F06%2Fus%2Ffirst-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDrummond,_Tammerlin1990" class="citation news cs1">Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. E1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+law%3B+Harvard+Law+Review%27s+first+black+president+plans+a+life+of+public+service&rft.pages=E1&rft.date=1990-03-12&rft.au=Drummond%2C+Tammerlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F60017156.html%3Fdids%3D60017156%3A60017156%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEvans1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/">"Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>. Vol. 7 no. 1. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277">0742-0277</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Issues+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Opening+another+door%3A+The+saga+of+Harvard%27s+Barack+H.+Obama&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1990-03-15&rft.issn=0742-0277&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gaynelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiverseeducation.com%2Farticle%2F11791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAguilar,_Louis1990" class="citation news cs1">Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929145015/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1 (Business). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on September 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+Law+firms+slow+to+add+minority+partners&rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&rft.date=1990-07-11&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F28774085.html%3Fdids%3D28774085%3A28774085%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Juris_Doctor-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/">"Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees"</a>. <i>news.harvard.edu</i>. November 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Obama+joins+list+of+seven+presidents+with+Harvard+degrees&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2008%2F11%2Fobama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">"Barack Obama"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmay%2F09%2Fbarackobama.uselections20081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Scott_2008a-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2008" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html">"The story of Obama, written by Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Obama%2C+written+by+Obama&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F18memoirs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-Fellow-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fellow_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMerriner2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Merriner, James L. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1">"The friends of O"</a>. <i>Chicago</i>. Vol. 57 no. 6. pp. 74–79, 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595">0362-4595</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago&rft.atitle=The+friends+of+O&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=74-79%2C+97-99&rft.date=2008-06&rft.issn=0362-4595&rft.aulast=Merriner&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJune-2008%2FObamas-Chicago-Posse%2FThe-Friends-of-O%2Findex.php%3Fcp%3D2%26si%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">"Statement regarding Barack Obama"</a>. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+regarding+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Law+School&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uchicago.edu%2Fmedia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Forty-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forty_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Jesse2000" class="citation book cs1">White, Jesse, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf"><i>Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43923973">43923973</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book%2C+2000%2C+Millennium+ed&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43923973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fbb%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF1994" class="citation web cs1">United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf">"Civil Docket for Case #: 1:94-cv-04094"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. clearinghouse.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Docket+for+Case+%23%3A+1%3A94-cv-04094&rft.pub=clearinghouse.net&rft.date=1994-07-06&rft.au=United+States+District+Court%3A+Northern+District+of+Illinois%E2%80%94CM%2FECF+LIVE%2C+Ver+3.0+%28Chicago%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-9000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112">"Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse"</a>. clearinghouse.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buycks-Roberson+v.+Citibank+Fed.+Sav.+Bank%E2%80%94Civil+Rights+Litigation+Clearinghouse&rft.pub=clearinghouse.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D10112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois_Eastern_Division1988" class="citation web cs1">United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (January 16, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0008.pdf">"Settlement Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. clearinghouse.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Settlement+Agreement&rft.pub=clearinghouse.net&rft.date=1988-01-16&rft.au=United+States+District+Court+for+the+Northern+District+of+Illinois+Eastern+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-0008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_District_Cuurt_For_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois_Eastern_Division1998" class="citation web cs1">United States District Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (May 13, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0010.pdf">"Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. clearinghouse.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Judgment+and+Order+of+Dismissal&rft.pub=clearinghouse.net&rft.date=1998-05-13&rft.au=United+States+District+Cuurt+For+the+Northern+District+of+Illinois+Eastern+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearinghouse.net%2FchDocs%2Fpublic%2FFH-IL-0011-0010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGore2012" class="citation web cs1">Gore, D'Angelo (June 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/">"The Obamas' Law Licenses"</a>. FactCheck.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Obamas%27+Law+Licenses&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=D%27Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-obamas-law-licenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DavisMiner-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavisMiner_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice">"Obama got start in civil rights practice"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+got+start+in+civil+rights+practice&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fobama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPallasch2007" class="citation news cs1">Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=As+lawyer%2C+Obama+was+strong%2C+silent+type%3B+He+was+%27smart%2C+innovative%2C+relentless%2C%27+and+he+mostly+let+other+lawyers+do+the+talking&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.aulast=Pallasch&rft.aufirst=Abdon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28Pallasch%29_AND_date%2812%2F17%2F2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3DDecember_17%2C_2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Pallasch%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></li>
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<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJacksonLong2007" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, David; Long, Ray (April 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story">"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story">the original</a> on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+Knows+His+Way+Around+a+Ballot&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Long%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)" title="Jesse White (politician)">White, Jesse</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002</i>. Springfield: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State">Illinois Secretary of State</a>. p. 65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legislative+Districts+of+Cook+County%2C+1991+Reapportionment&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fpublications%2F02bluebook%2Flegislative_branch%2Flegdistrictmaps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2007" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html">"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Forged+Political+Mettle+in+Illinois+Capitol&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHelman2007" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+dealt+with+Lobbyists&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fin_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml">"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+Record+May+Be+Gold+Mine+for+Critics&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F01%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fmain2369157.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Scott20070730-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott20070730_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott20070730_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+Proved+Pragmatic+and+Shrewd&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAllison2000" class="citation news cs1">Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1 (Business). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+takes+on+predatory+lending%3B+Rules+would+halt+single-premium+life+insurance+financing&rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&rft.date=2000-12-15&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F65214450.html%3Fdids%3D65214450%3A65214450%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRay_LongMelissa_Allison2001" class="citation news cs1">Ray Long; Melissa Allison (April 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Illinois+OKs+predatory+loan+curbs%3B+State+aims+to+avert+home+foreclosures&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.au=Ray+Long&rft.au=Melissa+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F71459393.html%3Fdids%3D71459393%3A71459393%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html">"13th District: Barack Obama"</a>. Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13th+District%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Senate+Democrats&rft.date=2004-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senatedem.state.il.us%2Fobama%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWolffeBriscoe2007" class="citation news cs1">Wolffe, Richard; Briscoe, Daren (July 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156">"Across the Divide"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Across+the+Divide&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Briscoe%2C+Daren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F33156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHelman2007" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/">"Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Early+Defeat+Launched+a+Rapid+Political+Climb&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F12%2Fearly_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWills2007" class="citation news cs1">Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm">"Obama learned from failed Congress run"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+learned+from+failed+Congress+run&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCalmes2007" class="citation news cs1">Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html">"Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html">the original</a> on September 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Statehouse+Yields+Clues+to+Obama&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft.aulast=Calmes&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fpublic%2Farticle%2FSB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTavella,_Anne_Marie2003" class="citation news cs1">Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate">"Profiling, taping plans pass Senate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Daily Herald</i>. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Profiling%2C+taping+plans+pass+Senate&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2003-04-14&rft.au=Tavella%2C+Anne+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DADHB%26p_theme%3Dadhb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_text_search-0%3DProfiling%2C%2520AND%2520taping%2520AND%2520plans%2520AND%2520pass%2520AND%2520Senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_V._Dion2003" class="citation news cs1">Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461%3A352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fight+racial+profiling+at+local+level%2C+lawmaker+says%3B+U.S.+guidelines+get+mixed+review&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2003-06-29&rft.au=Haynes%2C+V.+Dion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F352884461.html%3Fdids%3D352884461%3A352884461%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPearson2003" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1 (Metro)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Taped+confessions+to+be+law%3B+State+will+be+1st+to+pass+legislation&rft.pages=1+%28Metro%29&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F370136121.html%3Fdids%3D370136121%3A370136121%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYoungmanBlake2007" class="citation news cs1">Youngman, Sam; Blake, Aaron (March 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals">"Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Crime+Votes+Are+Fodder+for+Rivals&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft.aulast=Youngman&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Blake%2C+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php">"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php">the original</a> on June 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=US+Presidential+Candidate+Obama+Cites+Work+on+State+Death+Penalty+Reforms&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F11%2F12%2Famerica%2FNA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCoffee2004" class="citation news cs1">Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm">"Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat"</a>. HPKCC. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap">the original</a> on May 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attorney+Chosen+to+Fill+Obama%27s+State+Senate+Seat&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft.aulast=Coffee&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydepark.org%2Fhpkccnews%2Fraoul.htm%23ap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHelman2007" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb">"Early defeat launched a rapid political climb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. p. 1A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Early+defeat+launched+a+rapid+political+climb&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F12%2Fearly_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStrausberg2002" class="citation news cs1">Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195931/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html">"Opposition to war mounts"</a>. <i>Chicago Defender</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span> on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Opposition+to+war+mounts&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Strausberg&rft.aufirst=Chinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220062931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rose_Garden-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_Garden_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2002" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html">"President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President%2C+House+leadership+agree+on+Iraq+resolution&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2002%2F10%2F20021002-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTackett2002" class="citation news cs1">Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bush%2C+House+OK+Iraq+deal%3B+Congress+marches+with+Bush&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569641.html%3Fdids%3D203569641%3A203569641%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-Federal_Plaza-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGlauber2003" class="citation news cs1">Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"War protesters gentler, but passion still burns"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=War+protesters+gentler%2C+but+passion+still+burns&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft.aulast=Glauber&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569621.html%3Fdids%3D203569621%3A203569621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStrausberg2002" class="citation news cs1">Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014211715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html">"War with Iraq undermines U.N"</a>. <i>Chicago Defender</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=War+with+Iraq+undermines+U.N&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Strausberg&rft.aufirst=Chinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220379051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKatz2007" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">"Five years since our first action"</a>. Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+years+since+our+first+action&rft.pub=Chicagoans+Against+War+%26+Injustice&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noiraqwar-chicago.org%2F%3Fp%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBryantVaughn2002" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"300 attend rally against Iraq war"</a>. <i>Daily Herald</i>. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=300+attend+rally+against+Iraq+war&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Jane+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DADHB%26p_theme%3Dadhb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_text_search-0%3D300%2520AND%2520attend%2520AND%2520rally%2520AND%2520against%2520AND%2520Iraq%2520AND%2520war%26s_dispstring%3D300%2520attend%2520rally%2520against%2520Iraq%2520war%2520AND%2520date%2810%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D10%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-spoke_out-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spoke_out_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2002" class="citation web cs1">Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php">"Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq"</a>. Barack Obama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php">the original</a> on January 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Illinois+State+Sen.+Barack+Obama+against+going+to+war+with+Iraq&rft.pub=Barack+Obama&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barackobama.com%2F2002%2F10%2F02%2Fremarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2007" class="citation news cs1">McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>. <q>The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+marks+%2702+war+speech%3B+Contender+highlights+his+early+opposition+in+an+effort+to+distinguish+him+from+his+rivals&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1351610621.html%3Fdids%3D1351610621%3A1351610621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPallasch2007" class="citation news cs1">Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p. 26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Obama+touts+anti-war+cred%3B+Kicks+off+tour+5+years+after+speech+critical+of+going+to+Iraq&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=Pallasch&rft.aufirst=Abdon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-stop_the_war-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stop_the_war_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRitter2003" class="citation news cs1">Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"Anti-war rally here draws thousands"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Anti-war+rally+here+draws+thousands&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2003-03-17&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2003" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html">"President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush%3A+Monday+%27moment+of+truth%27+for+world+on+Iraq&rft.date=2003-03-16&rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2003%2F03%2F20030316-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavey2004" class="citation news cs1">Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html">"Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Closely+watched+Illinois+Senate+race+attracts+7+candidates+in+millionaire+range&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign%2F07ILLI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-future-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-future_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMendell2004" class="citation news cs1">Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites">"Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+routs+Democratic+foes%3B+Ryan+tops+crowded+GOP+field%3B+Hynes%2C+Hull+fall+far+short+across+state&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft.aulast=Mendell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2004-03-17%2Fnews%2F0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavey2004" class="citation news cs1">Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html">"As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+quickly+as+overnight%2C+a+Democratic+star+is+born&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F18%2Fus%2Fas-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHowlett2004" class="citation news cs1">Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm">"Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. p. A04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Dems+see+a+rising+star+in+Illinois+Senate+candidate&rft.pages=A04&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpoliticselections%2Fnation%2F2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScheiber2004" class="citation news cs1">Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0">"Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <b>230</b> (20). pp. 21–22, 24–26 (cover story)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Race+against+history.+Barack+Obama%27s+miraculous+campaign&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=21-22%2C+24-26+%28cover+story%29&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft.aulast=Scheiber&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Frace-against-history-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2004" class="citation news cs1">Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all">"The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <b>20</b> (14). pp. 32–38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Candidate.+How+far+can+Barack+Obama+go%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=32-38&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F05%2F31%2F040531fa_fact1%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDionne2004" class="citation news cs1">Dionne, E.J. Jr. (June 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html">"In Illinois, a star prepares"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+a+star+prepares&rft.pages=A29&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=E.J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA4062-2004Jun24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, David (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech">"The Speech"</a>. <i>Chicago Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Speech&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJune-2007%2FThe-Speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-status-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-status_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print">"Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. August 2, 2004. pp. 48–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Star+Power.+Showtime%3A+Some+are+on+the+rise%3B+others+have+long+been+fixtures+in+the+firmament.+A+galaxy+of+bright+Democratic+lights&rft.pages=48-51&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F54728%2Foutput%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2004" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm">"A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=A+shining+star+named+Obama.+How+a+most+unlikely+politician+became+a+darling+of+the+Democrats&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F040802%2F2obama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLizza2004" class="citation news cs1">Lizza, Ryan (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza">"Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. pp. 30, 33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Why+is+Barack+Obama+generating+more+excitement+among+Democrats+than+John+Kerry%3F&rft.pages=30%2C+33&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200409%2Flizza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavey2004" class="citation news cs1">Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html">"A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+surprise+Senate+contender+reaches+his+biggest+stage+yet&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2Fthe-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMilligan2004" class="citation news cs1">Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/">"In Obama, Democrats see their future"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. B8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Obama%2C+Democrats+see+their+future&rft.pages=B8&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2004%2F07%2F27%2Fin_obama_democrats_see_their_future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2004" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html">"Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Illinois+Senate+nominee+speaks+of+encompassing+unity&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2004-07-28&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign%2F28blacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBroder2004" class="citation news cs1">Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html">"Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats+focus+on+healing+divisions%3B+Addressing+convention%2C+newcomers+set+themes&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2004-07-28&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA17865-2004Jul27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBingMcClintock2004" class="citation news cs1">Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela (July 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html">"Auds resist charms of Dem stars"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Auds+resist+charms+of+Dem+stars&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2004-07-29&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=McClintock%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Farticle%2FVR1117908388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/">"Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois"</a>. CNN. June 25, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ryan+drops+out+of+Senate+race+in+Illinois&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FALLPOLITICS%2F06%2F25%2Fil.ryan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLannan2004" class="citation news cs1">Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115053/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html">"Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html">the original</a> on December 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Alan+Keyes+enters+U.S.+Senate+race+in+Illinois+against+rising+Democratic+star&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft.aulast=Lannan&rft.aufirst=Maura+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-margin-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-margin_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html">"America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois"</a>. CNN. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=America+Votes+2004%3A+U.S.+Senate+%2F+Illinois&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FELECTION%2F2004%2Fpages%2Fresults%2Fstates%2FIL%2FS%2F01%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChaseMendell2004" class="citation news cs1">Chase, John; Mendell, David (November 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095857/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf">"Obama scores a record landslide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+scores+a+record+landslide&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2004-11-03&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiasdot.com%2Fpublicaciones%2F2004%2F1104%2F0311%2Fnoticias031104%2Fpresidenciales-usa%2Fimages%2Fusa%2Fchicago_tribune%2Fchicago_tribune_031104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFornek2004" class="citation news cs1">Fornek, Scott (November 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510061848/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html">"Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Obama+takes+Senate+seat+in+a+landslide&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2004-11-03&rft.aulast=Fornek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1553596.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congresso000167" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167">"Barack Obama (id: o000167)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+o000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Do000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html">"Member Info"</a>. Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Info&rft.pub=Congressional+Black+Caucus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Fkilpatrick%2Fcbc%2Fmember_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-transition_period-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transition_period_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMason2008" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116">"Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Obama+resigns+Senate+seat%2C+thanks+Illinois&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpoliticsNews%2FidUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senate2005" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors">"S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+1033%2C+Secure+America+and+Orderly+Immigration+Act&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft.aulast=U.S.+Senate&rft.aufirst=109th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F109th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F1033%2Fcosponsors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/">"Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President"</a>. Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lugar%E2%80%93Obama+Nonproliferation+Legislation+Signed+into+Law+by+the+President&rft.pub=Richard+Lugar+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F070111-lugar-obama_non%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLugarObama2005" class="citation news cs1">Lugar, Richard G.; Obama, Barack (December 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html">"Junkyard Dogs of War"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Junkyard+Dogs+of+War&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft.aulast=Lugar&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F12%2F02%2FAR2005120201509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2007" class="citation news cs1">McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp">"Google Government Gone Viral"</a>. <i>Weekly Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=Google+Government+Gone+Viral&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F014%2F502njiqx.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb">"President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act"</a>. Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb">the original</a> on May 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+Signs+Coburn%E2%80%93Obama+Transparency+Act&rft.pub=Tom+Coburn+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoburn.senate.gov%2Fffm%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DLegislativeFloorAction.Home%26ContentRecord_id%3Deb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077">"S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)"</a>. Govtrack.us. June 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+3077%3A+Strengthening+Transparency+and+Accountability+in+Federal+Spending+Act+of+2008%3A+2007%E2%80%932008+%28110th+Congress%29&rft.pub=Govtrack.us&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbills%2F110%2Fs3077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcIntire2008" class="citation news cs1">McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html">"Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065950/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Leaks+and+Response+Tested+Obama+in+Senate&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F03exelon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fisher-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFisher2008" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html">"November Election A Lawyer's Delight"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=November+Election+A+Lawyer%27s+Delight&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F08%2Fobama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf">"Nunn–Lugar Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar+Report&rft.pub=Richard+Lugar+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flugar.senate.gov%2Fnunnlugar%2Fpdf%2Ftrip_report_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml">"Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml">the original</a> on January 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fsdwp%2Finternational%2Fdrc0406.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html">"The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo"</a>. International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IRC+Welcomes+New+U.S.+Law+on+Congo&rft.pub=International+Rescue+Committee&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirc.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWeixel2007" class="citation news cs1">Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html">"Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Feingold%2C+Obama+Go+After+Corporate+Jet+Travel&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.aulast=Weixel&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fleading-the-news%2Ffeingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWeixel2007" class="citation news cs1">Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html">"Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+Press+FEC+on+Bundling+Regulation&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Weixel&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fleading-the-news%2Flawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml">"Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007"</a>. Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml">the original</a> on April 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+Election+Commission+Announces+Plans+to+Issue+New+Regulations+to+Implement+the+Honest+Leadership+and+Open+Government+Act+of+2007&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress2007%2F20070924travel.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStern2007" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html">"Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation"</a>. CQPolitics.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%E2%80%93Schumer+Bill+Proposal+Would+Criminalize+Voter+Intimidation&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fcq%2F2007%2F01%2F31%2Fcq_2213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senate2007" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/453">"S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+453%2C+Deceptive+Practices+and+Voter+Intimidation+Prevention+Act+of+2007&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft.aulast=U.S.+Senate&rft.aufirst=110th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F110th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html">"Honesty in Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(editorial)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 31, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Honesty+in+Elections&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F31%2Fopinion%2F31wed1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKrystin2007" class="citation news cs1">Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html">"Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home"</a>. Medill News Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Introduces+Measure+to+Bring+Troops+Home&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Krystin&rft.aufirst=E.+Kasak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwitimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31">"Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action"</a>. Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31">the original</a> on December 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Bond+Hail+New+Safeguards+on+Military+Personality+Disorder+Discharges%2C+Urge+Further+Action&rft.pub=Kit+Bond+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbond.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DPressRoom.NewsReleases%26ContentRecord_id%3D5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/">"Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases"</a>. March 14, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/">the original</a> on December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Bond+Applaud+Senate+Passage+of+Amendment+to+Expedite+the+Review+of+Personality+Disorder+Discharge+Cases&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F080314-obama_bond_appl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1065">"Iran Sanctions Enabling Act of 2009 (2009—S. 1065)"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=Iran+Sanctions+Enabling+Act+of+2009+%282009%E2%80%94S.+1065%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbills%2F111%2Fs1065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_terrorism_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/">"Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved"</a> (Press release). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/">the original</a> on December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Schiff+Provision+to+Create+Nuclear+Threat+Reduction+Plan+Approved&rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F071220-obama_schiff_pr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/">"Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Passes+Obama%2C+McCaskill+Legislation+to+Provide+Safety+Net+for+Families+of+Wounded+Service+Members&rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fpress%2F070802-senate_passes_o_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/">"Committee Assignments"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/committees/">the original</a> on December 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Committee+Assignments&rft.pub=Barack+Obama+U.S.+Senate+Office&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fcommittees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/">"Obama Gets New Committee Assignments"</a>. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/">the original</a> on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Gets+New+Committee+Assignments&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fnews%2F061115-obama_gets_new%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2007" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/stay-at-home-barack-obama-comes-under-fire-for-a-lack-of-foreign-experience-2qjm86d9l2n">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Stay at home' Barack Obama comes under fire for a lack of foreign experience"</a>. <i>Sunday Times (UK)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=%27Stay+at+home%27+Barack+Obama+comes+under+fire+for+a+lack+of+foreign+experience&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fstay-at-home-barack-obama-comes-under-fire-for-a-lack-of-foreign-experience-2qjm86d9l2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kenyan-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenyan_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLarson2006" class="citation news cs1">Larson, Christina (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html">"Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Hoosier+Daddy%3A+What+Rising+Democratic+Star+Barack+Obama+Can+Learn+from+an+Old+Lion+of+the+GOP&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2006%2F0609.larson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoudie2006" class="citation news cs1">Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103231711/http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=3806933">"Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor"</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/WLS-TV" title="WLS-TV">WLS-TV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933">the original</a> on November 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Meets+with+Arafat%27s+Successor&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa.abclocal.go.com%2Fwls%2Fstory%3Fsection%3Dnews%2Flocal%26id%3D3806933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html">"Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud"</a>. Cape Town: News24. August 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Slates+Kenya+for+Fraud&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FNews24%2FAfrica%2FNews%2F0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWamalwa2006" class="citation news cs1">Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666">"Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark"</a>. <i>The Standard (Nairobi)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666">the original</a> on October 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard+%28Nairobi%29&rft.atitle=Envoy+Hits+at+Obama+Over+Graft+Remark&rft.date=2006-09-02&rft.aulast=Wamalwa&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastandard.net%2Farchives%2Fcl%2Fhm_news%2Fnews.php%3Farticleid%3D1143957666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMorachaMangoa_Mosota2006" class="citation news cs1">Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752">"Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752">the original</a> on October 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Leaders+Support+Obama+on+Graft+Claims&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Moracha&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Mangoa+Mosota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastandard.net%2Farchives%2Fcl%2Fhm_news%2Fnews.php%3Farticleid%3D1143957752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPearsonLong2007" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story">"Obama: I'm running for president"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+I%27m+running+for+president&rft.date=2007-02-10&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Long%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fchi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC20070210-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC20070210_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm">"Obama Launches Presidential Bid"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. February 10, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+Launches+Presidential+Bid&rft.date=2007-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6349081.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFParsons2007" class="citation news cs1">Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195905/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html">"Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+launch+site%3A+Symbolic+Springfield%3A+Announcement+venue+evokes+Lincoln+legacy&rft.date=2007-02-10&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Christi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-159132539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/">"Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities">the original</a> on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+on+the+Issues%3A+What+Would+Be+Your+Top+Three+Overall+Priorities+If+Elected%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.washingtonpost.com%2F2008-presidential-candidates%2Fissues%2Fcandidates%2Fbarack-obama%2F%23top-priorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also:
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom"><i>A Long Time Coming</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+Time+Coming&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-607-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falongtimecominge00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFalcone2007" class="citation news cs1">Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/">"Obama's 'One Thing<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+%27One+Thing%27&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Falcone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Fobamas-one-thing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html">"The Obama promise of hope and change"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. November 1, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Obama+promise+of+hope+and+change&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fleading-articles%2Fleading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-allocation-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allocation_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTumulty,_Karen2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tumulty" title="Karen Tumulty">Tumulty, Karen</a> (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html">"The Five Mistakes Clinton Made"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Five+Mistakes+Clinton+Made&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.au=Tumulty%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BakerJim_Rutenberg2008" class="citation news cs1">Peter Baker; Jim Rutenberg (June 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html">"The Long Road to a Clinton Exit"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Long+Road+to+a+Clinton+Exit&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.au=Peter+Baker&rft.au=Jim+Rutenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F08recon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNagourneyZeleny2008" class="citation news cs1">Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html">"Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+to+End+Bid+and+Endorse+Obama&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Zeleny%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F04cnd-campaign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nagourney-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagourney_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagourney_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNagourneyZeleny2008" class="citation news cs1">Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html">"Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Chooses+Biden+as+Running+Mate&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Zeleny%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F24biden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-delegates-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delegates_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin,_Tom2008" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Tom (August 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece">"Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton%3A+%27Barack+is+my+candidate%27&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Fus_elections%2Farticle4616719.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNagourney,_Adam2008" class="citation news cs1">Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html">"Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Wins+Nomination+as+Biden+and+Bill+Clinton+Rally+the+Party&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.au=Nagourney%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28DEMSDAY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-npr1409-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr1409_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLiassonNorris2008" class="citation news cs1">Liasson, Mara; Norris, Michele (July 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409">"Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+To+Accept+Nomination+at+Mile+High+Stadium&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.aulast=Liasson&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft.au=Norris%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92301409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-acceptance-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acceptance_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm">"Obama accepts Democrat nomination"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. August 29, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+accepts+Democrat+nomination&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7586375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2008" class="citation news cs1">Lloyd, Robert (August 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story">"Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%2C+Al+Gore+Raise+the+Roof+at+Invesco+Field&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fnews%2Fla-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29%2C0%2C3593116.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-small_donations-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-small_donations_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMalone2007" class="citation news cs1">Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm">"Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination"</a>. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm">the original</a> on September 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Fundraising+Suggests+Close+Race+for+Party+Nomination&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2F2007-07%2F2007-07-02-voa52.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSalant2008" class="citation news cs1">Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/">"Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Won%27t+Accept+Public+Money+in+Election+Campaign&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft.aulast=Salant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticle.wn.com%2Fview%2F2008%2F06%2F19%2FObama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-presidential_debates-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-presidential_debates_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html">"Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Presidential_Debates" title="Commission on Presidential Debates">Commission on Presidential Debates</a>. November 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+on+Presidential+Debates+Announces+Sites%2C+Dates%2C+Formats+and+Candidate+Selection+Criteria+for+2008+General+Election&rft.pub=Commission+on+Presidential+Debates&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debates.org%2Fpages%2Fnews_111907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.org/press/obama-administration-releases-revised-national-hiv-and-aids-strategy">"Obama Administration Releases Revised National HIV and AIDS Strategy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>. July 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+Administration+Releases+Revised+National+HIV+and+AIDS+Strategy&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Campaign&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.org%2Fpress%2Fobama-administration-releases-revised-national-hiv-and-aids-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LAT80713-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAT80713_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFParsons2013" class="citation news cs1">Parsons, Christi (August 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/07/nation/la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807">"Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+criticizes+Russia%27s+new+anti-gay+law+in+Leno+interview&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Christi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2013%2Faug%2F07%2Fnation%2Fla-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Huffpo80913-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huffpo80913_369-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Luke (August 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html">"Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Opposes+Olympic+Boycott%2C+Criticizes+Russian+Anti-Gay+Law&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F08%2F09%2Fobama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2014" class="citation news cs1">Achenbach, Joel (December 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/in-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy/2014/12/18/a27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html">"In Miami, a mixed and muted response to historic change in Cuba policy"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Miami%2C+a+mixed+and+muted+response+to+historic+change+in+Cuba+policy&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fin-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fa27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html">"Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+launces+air+attacks+in+Yemen&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Freport-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance%2F2015%2F03%2F25%2Fe0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37607248">"Yemen conflict: US 'could be implicated in war crimes<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Yemen+conflict%3A+US+%27could+be+implicated+in+war+crimes%27&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-37607248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBayoumy2016" class="citation news cs1">Bayoumy, Yara (September 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-security/obama-administration-arms-sales-offers-to-saudi-top-115-billion-report-idUSKCN11D2JQ">"Obama administration arms sales offers to Saudi top $115 billion: ..."</a> <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Obama+administration+arms+sales+offers+to+Saudi+top+%24115+billion%3A+...&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft.aulast=Bayoumy&rft.aufirst=Yara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-saudi-security%2Fobama-administration-arms-sales-offers-to-saudi-top-115-billion-report-idUSKCN11D2JQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStewartStrobel2016" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Phil; Strobel, Warren (December 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180257/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html">"America 'agrees to stop selling some arms' to Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=America+%27agrees+to+stop+selling+some+arms%27+to+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Strobel%2C+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-thelocal2016-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thelocal2016_375-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/20161115/obama-merkel-was-my-closest-ally">"Obama: Merkel was my closest ally"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. November 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Merkel+was+my+closest+ally&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20161115%2Fobama-merkel-was-my-closest-ally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFeller2009" class="citation news cs1">Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026">"Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)" title="The Gazette (Colorado Springs)">The Gazette</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Obama+sets+firm+withdrawal+timetable+for+Iraq&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.aulast=Feller&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fobama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq%2Farticle%2F49026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSykes,_Hugh2010" class="citation news cs1">Sykes, Hugh (August 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270">"Last US combat brigade exits Iraq"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Last+US+combat+brigade+exits+Iraq&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11020270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMacAskill2010" class="citation news cs1">MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war">"Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+ends+the+war+in+Iraq.+%27Now+it%27s+time+to+turn+the+page%27&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.aulast=MacAskill&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F01%2Fobama-formally-ends-iraq-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/44990594">"All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. October 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=All+U.S.+troops+out+of+Iraq+by+end+of+year&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F44990594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-def31-10-14-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-def31-10-14_383-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542">"DoD Authorizes War on Terror Award for Inherent Resolve Ops"</a>. Defense.gov. October 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DoD+Authorizes+War+on+Terror+Award+for+Inherent+Resolve+Ops&rft.pub=Defense.gov&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D123542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NATOPressRelease-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATOPressRelease_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf">"NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NATO. March 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+No-Fly+Zone+over+Libya+Operation+UNIFIED+PROTECTOR&rft.pub=NATO&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fnato_static%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_2011_03%2F20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStein2011" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Sam (March 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html">"Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Libya+Policy+Makes+Strange+Bedfellows+of+Congressional+Critics&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F03%2F20%2Fobama-libya_n_838219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html">"Obama juggles Libya promises, realities"</a>. CNN. March 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+juggles+Libya+promises%2C+realities&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FPOLITICS%2F03%2F25%2Fobama.libya%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa">"Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. July 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama+to+the+People+of+Africa&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F07%2F28%2Fremarks-president-obama-people-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFerris2015" class="citation news cs1">Ferris, Sarah (July 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya">"Obama: Proud to be first U.S. president to visit Kenya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Proud+to+be+first+U.S.+president+to+visit+Kenya&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-friedmnyt-460"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friedmnyt_460-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2016" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (October 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/opinion/lets-get-putins-attention.html">"Let's Get Putin's Attention"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Get+Putin%27s+Attention&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F05%2Fopinion%2Flets-get-putins-attention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-obexit-461"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obexit_461-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html">"Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europeans+View+Obama%27s+Exit+With+a+Mix+of+Admiration+and+Regret&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feuropeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Wells2004" class="citation news cs1">Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html">"The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Great+Black+Hope%3A+What%27s+Riding+on+Barack+Obama%3F&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F0411.wallace-wells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">"A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">the original</a> on January 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+Member+of+a+New+Generation%2C+Obama+Walks+a+Fine+Line&rft.date=2007-12-28&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F12%2F28%2Famerica%2Fobama.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPayne2007" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"In One Country, a Dual Audience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Newsday</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=In+One+Country%2C+a+Dual+Audience&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Faccess%2F1322008241.html%3Fdids%3D1322008241%3A1322008241%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDorning2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning">"Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+Reaches+Across+Decades+to+JFK&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.aulast=Dorning&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1353513781.html%3Fdids%3D1353513781%3A1353513781%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DOct%2B4%252C%2B2007%26author%3DMike%2BDorning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHarnden2007" class="citation news cs1">Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html">"Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+is+JFK+Heir%2C+Says+Kennedy+Aide&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.aulast=Harnden&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1565992%2FBarack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%252C-says-Kennedy-aide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGreene2011" class="citation news cs1">Greene, Richard (January 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html">"Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Is+America%27s+Third+Greatest+Presidential+Orator+in+Modern+Era&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frichard-greene%2Fobama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-466"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov">"YouTube—ChangeDotGov's Channel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov">the original</a> on February 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2010</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube%E2%80%94ChangeDotGov%27s+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fuser%2FChangeDotGov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-467"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-38766-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-38766-9">978-0-544-38766-9</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-468"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGillion2016" class="citation book cs1">Gillion, Daniel Q. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-with-words/5D4F713A016401E3FC3922C66D371FF2"><i>Governing with Words</i></a>. <i>Cambridge Core</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316412299">10.1017/CBO9781316412299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41229-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41229-9"><bdi>978-1-316-41229-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+with+Words&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781316412299&rft.isbn=978-1-316-41229-9&rft.aulast=Gillion&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fgoverning-with-words%2F5D4F713A016401E3FC3922C66D371FF2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-469"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFButlerMendelbergHaines2019" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Bennett; Mendelberg, Tali; Haines, Pavielle E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719000963">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>I'm Not the President of Black America": Rhetorical versus Policy Representation"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 1038–1058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719000963">10.1017/S1537592719000963</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=%22I%27m+Not+the+President+of+Black+America%22%3A+Rhetorical+versus+Policy+Representation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1038-1058&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592719000963&rft.issn=1537-5927&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft.au=Mendelberg%2C+Tali&rft.au=Haines%2C+Pavielle+E.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1537592719000963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-470"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx">"Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval"</a>. Gallup.com. January 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx">the original</a> on June 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+Starts+With+68%25+Job+Approval&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F113962%2Fobama-starts-job-approval.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-471"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1">"Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll—41%"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. April 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+hits+low+point+in+Gallup+Poll%E2%80%9441%25&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2011%2F04%2Fobama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-472"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJon_Terbush2010" class="citation web cs1">Jon Terbush (December 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php">"Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents"</a>. Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approval+By+Numbers%3A+How+Obama+Compares+To+Past+Presidents&rft.pub=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.au=Jon+Terbush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fapproval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-473"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOliphant2011" class="citation news cs1">Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511">"Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+bounce%3F+New+poll+shows+jump+in+Obama+approval&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2011%2Fmay%2F11%2Fnews%2Fla-pn-obama-bounce-20110511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-474"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBalzCohen2011" class="citation news cs1">Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html">"Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Nash Holdings LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+loses+bin+Laden+bounce%3B+Romney+on+the+move+among+GOP+contenders&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Cohen%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders%2F2011%2F06%2F06%2FAGT5wiKH_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-486"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVon_Drehle2008" class="citation news cs1">Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html">"Why History Can't Wait"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+History+Can%27t+Wait&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2008%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farticle%2F0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-490"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript_490-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html">"Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. CNN. December 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+%27Peace+requires+responsibility%27&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F12%2F10%2Fobama.transcript%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-491"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPhilp2009" class="citation news cs1">Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece">"Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+peace+prize+starts+a+fight&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft.aulast=Philp&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Farticle6868905.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-492"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOtterman2009" class="citation news cs1">Otterman, Sharon (October 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor">"World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World+Reaction+to+a+Nobel+Surprise&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.aulast=Otterman&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F09%2Fworld-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise%2F%3Fhp%23bozoanchor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-494"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/33237202">"Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'—Politics—White House"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Nobel+Peace+Prize+%27a+call+to+action%27%E2%80%94Politics%E2%80%94White+House&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F33237202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-531"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>Potentially destructive devices" sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. October 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=%22Potentially+destructive+devices%22+sent+to+Clinton%2C+Obama%2C+CNN+prompt+massive+response&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Flive-news%2Fsuspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sentence-532"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sentence_532-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/cesar-sayoc-who-mailed-explosive-devices-to-trumps-critics-sentenced-to-20-years-in-prison/2019/08/05/cf4b56e2-b79a-11e9-bad6-609f75bfd97f_story.html">"Cesar Sayoc, who mailed explosive devices to Trump's critics, sentenced to 20 years in prison"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. August 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cesar+Sayoc%2C+who+mailed+explosive+devices+to+Trump%27s+critics%2C+sentenced+to+20+years+in+prison&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Fcesar-sayoc-who-mailed-explosive-devices-to-trumps-critics-sentenced-to-20-years-in-prison%2F2019%2F08%2F05%2Fcf4b56e2-b79a-11e9-bad6-609f75bfd97f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-533"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLukpat2019" class="citation news cs1">Lukpat, Alyssa (December 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/12/05/obamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million/LeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM/story.html">"Obamas reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obamas+reportedly+buy+Martha%27s+Vineyard+waterfront+estate+for+%2411.75+million&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Lukpat&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2Fobamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million%2FLeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-534"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHowley2019" class="citation news cs1">Howley, Kathleen (September 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenhowley/2019/09/01/obamas-buying-marthas-vineyard-estate-from-boston-celtics-owner/#3fa463fb5300">"Barack And Michelle Obama Are Buying Martha's Vineyard Estate From Boston Celtics Owner"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Barack+And+Michelle+Obama+Are+Buying+Martha%27s+Vineyard+Estate+From+Boston+Celtics+Owner&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.aulast=Howley&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkathleenhowley%2F2019%2F09%2F01%2Fobamas-buying-marthas-vineyard-estate-from-boston-celtics-owner%2F%233fa463fb5300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-535"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50074603">"Obama endorses Canada's Trudeau for re-election"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+endorses+Canada%27s+Trudeau+for+re-election&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-50074603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-536"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAstorGlueck2020" class="citation news cs1">Astor, Maggie; Glueck, Katie (April 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/obama-endorses-biden.html">"Barack Obama Endorses Joe Biden for President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+Endorses+Joe+Biden+for+President&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Glueck%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F04%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-endorses-biden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-537"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-52287456">"Obama endorses Joe Biden for president"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+endorses+Joe+Biden+for+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-us-canada-52287456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-538"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53844037">"DNC 2020: Obama blasts Trump's 'reality show' presidency"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DNC+2020%3A+Obama+blasts+Trump%27s+%27reality+show%27+presidency&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection-us-2020-53844037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-540"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/16/21260992/obama-commencement-speech-hbcu">"Obama's HBCU commencement speech doubles as an indictment of the Trump era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(magazine)" title="Vox (magazine)">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+HBCU+commencement+speech+doubles+as+an+indictment+of+the+Trump+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2020%2F5%2F16%2F21260992%2Fobama-commencement-speech-hbcu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-541"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/watch-live-obama-commencement-address-as-part-of-graduate-together-live-stream-today-2020-05-16/">"Obama delivers commencement address for high school seniors as part of "Graduate Together" ceremony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+delivers+commencement+address+for+high+school+seniors+as+part+of+%22Graduate+Together%22+ceremony&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwatch-live-obama-commencement-address-as-part-of-graduate-together-live-stream-today-2020-05-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-542"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBrito2020" class="citation news cs1">Brito, Christopher (December 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-defund-the-police-slogan/">"Obama criticizes "defund the police" messaging: "You lost a big audience the minute you say it<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+criticizes+%22defund+the+police%22+messaging%3A+%22You+lost+a+big+audience+the+minute+you+say+it%22&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fobama-defund-the-police-slogan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-543"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMontague2021" class="citation news cs1">Montague, Zach (January 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-obama-bush-clinton-cemetery.html">"Former Presidents Accompany Biden to Arlington National Cemetery"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Presidents+Accompany+Biden+to+Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-obama-bush-clinton-cemetery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oberlander2010-547"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oberlander2010_547-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOberlander2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oberlander, Jonathan (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447">"Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed"</a>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 1112–1116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447">10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715">0278-2715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20530339">20530339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=Long+Time+Coming%3A+Why+Health+Reform+Finally+Passed&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1112-1116&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.issn=0278-2715&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20530339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447&rft.aulast=Oberlander&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1377%252Fhlthaff.2010.0447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Blumenthal2015-548"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_548-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthalAbramsNuzum2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). "The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>372</b> (25): 2451–2458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMhpr1503614">10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946142">25946142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28486139">28486139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Affordable+Care+Act+at+5+Years&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2451-2458&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28486139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25946142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMhpr1503614&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Melinda&rft.au=Nuzum%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CohenEtAl-549"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CohenEtAl_549-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCohenColbyWailooZelizer2015" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Alan B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023156-9"><bdi>978-0-19-023156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicare+and+Medicaid+at+50%3A+America%27s+Entitlement+Programs+in+the+Age+of+Affordable+Care&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023156-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rft.au=Colby%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Wailoo%2C+Keith+A.&rft.au=Zelizer%2C+Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9DGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-551"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLong2017" class="citation news cs1">Long, Heather (January 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/">"Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Final+tally%3A+Obama+created+11.3+million+jobs&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2017%2F01%2F06%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fobama-over-11-million-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-552"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/">"Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+Legacy%3A+Dodd-Frank+Wall+Street+reform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpictures%2Fbarack-obama-legacy%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-553"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCrary2017" class="citation news cs1">Crary, David (January 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause">"LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=LGBT+activists+view+Obama+as+staunch+champion+of+their+cause&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.aulast=Crary&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fb94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20%2Flgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-554"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2011" class="citation news cs1">Bumiller, Elisabeth (July 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html">"Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Ends+%27Don%27t+Ask%2C+Don%27t+Tell%27+Policy&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F23%2Fus%2F23military.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-555"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Kennedy (June 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly">"Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly"</a>. <i>The Two-Way</i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Two-Way&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Says+Transgender+Troops+Can+Now+Serve+Openly&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2F484192442%2Fpentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-557"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZenko2016" class="citation news cs1">Zenko, Micah (January 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy">"Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Embrace+of+Drone+Strikes+Will+Be+a+Lasting+Legacy&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Zenko&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Froomfordebate%2F2016%2F01%2F12%2Freflecting-on-obamas-presidency%2Fobamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-562"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp">"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications"</a>. <i>www.dmdc.osd.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dmdc.osd.mil&rft.atitle=DoD+Personnel%2C+Workforce+Reports+%26+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmdc.osd.mil%2Fappj%2Fdwp%2Fdwp_reports.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-563"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGramlich2017" class="citation web cs1">Gramlich, John (January 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/">"Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+prison+population+fell+during+Obama%27s+term%2C+reversing+recent+trend&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.aulast=Gramlich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F01%2F05%2Ffederal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-564"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCone2017" class="citation news cs1">Cone, Allen (January 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/">"Obama leaving office at 60 percent approval rating"</a>. <i>United Press International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Obama+leaving+office+at+60+percent+approval+rating&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.aulast=Cone&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2017%2F01%2F18%2FObama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating%2F4481484744398%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-565"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAgiesta2017" class="citation news cs1">Agiesta, Jennifer (January 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html">"Obama approval hits 60 percent as end of term approaches"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+approval+hits+60+percent+as+end+of+term+approaches&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.aulast=Agiesta&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F01%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-566"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRottinghausVaughn2015" class="citation web cs1">Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/">"Measuring Obama against the great presidents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Obama+against+the+great+presidents&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Rottinghaus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Justin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffixgov%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Fmeasuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-567"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org/about-the-foundation/">"Obama Foundation FAQs"</a>. Barack Obama Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+Foundation+FAQs&rft.pub=Barack+Obama+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.obama.org%2Fabout-the-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-568"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRessnerSmith2008" class="citation news cs1">Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705">"Exclusive: Obama's lost law review article"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208150320/https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Obama%27s+lost+law+review+article&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.aulast=Ressner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2008%2F08%2Fexclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_cited">Works cited</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011217839">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father"><i>The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-793-5&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Maraniss" title="David Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-6040-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6040-4&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMendell,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mendell" title="David Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>. New York: Amistad/<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9"><bdi>978-0-06-085820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+From+Promise+to+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amistad%2FHarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085820-9&rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-8277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8277-3&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope%3A+Thoughts+on+Reclaiming+the+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Janny (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother"><i>A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2"><bdi>978-1-59448-797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Singular+Woman%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Mother&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59448-797-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011217839"/><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGraff2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Garrett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2Farticles%2Fmediapolitics%2F1836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKoltun2005" class="citation book cs1">Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9"><bdi>978-1-59454-360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+2004+Illinois+Senate+Race%3A+Obama+Wins+Open+Seat+and+Becomes+National+Political+%22Star%22&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Congress+2004&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-360-9&rft.aulast=Koltun&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the Fray"</a>. <i>GQ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Above+the+Fray&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fnewsmakers%2F200708%2Fobama-barack-election-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLarissa_MacFarquhar2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (May 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Conciliator%3A+Where+is+Barack+Obama+Coming+From%3F&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.au=Larissa+MacFarquhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2F070507fa_fact_macfarquhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Edward (2010). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl"><i>Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i></a></span>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7"><bdi>978-1-60819-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mr.+Obama%3A+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+a+Black+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-060-7&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungmrobamachic0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZutter1995" class="citation news cs1">Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama Run?"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Obama+Run%3F&rft.date=1995-12-08&rft.aulast=Zutter&rft.aufirst=Hank+De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fwhat-makes-obama-run%2FContent%3Foid%3D889221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1013635363"/><table class="sidebar nomobile" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Barack Obama</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
By Barack Obama</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Official">Official</span></h3>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a></span></span> of The Obama Foundation</li>
<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a></span></span> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li>
<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a></span></span> of <a href="/wiki/Organizing_for_Action" title="Organizing for Action">Organizing for Action</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/">White House biography</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_2">Other</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560">Barack Obama</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressO000167" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama (id: O000167)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+O000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/845">Barack Obama</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Barack_Obama&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_44th_President_of_the_United_States_(2009–2017)_*_U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005–2008)_*_Illinois_Senator_from_the_13th_district_(1997–2004)">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle_policies_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration_(2009%E2%80%932017)" title="Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama administration (2009–2017)">Loggerhead sea turtles</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Timeline</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016)">2016</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2017)">January 2017</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_American_intervention_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 American intervention in Iraq">Return to Iraq</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">War in Syria</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran deal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Health Care reform</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Cabinet_appointees" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i> (1995)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i> (2006)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i> (2010)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land"><i>A Promised Land</i> (2020)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">Illinois State Senate election, 1996, 1998, 2002</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 United States Senate election</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008 Democratic presidential primaries</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2012 Democratic presidential primaries</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Democratic National Convention</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 presidential campaign</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">2008 Obama primary campaign</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election">international reactions</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 presidential campaign</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">international reactions</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (step-father)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Shields_Robinson" title="Marian Shields Robinson">Marian Shields Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and <br /> political events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates-Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption Song (book)">Redemption Song</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrophe (book)">Catastrophe</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(book)" title="The Speech (book)">The Speech</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_Ones" title="We Are the Ones">We Are the Ones</a>"</span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, <br /> and stage</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a></i> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a></i> (2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a></i> (2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a></i> (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a></i> (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a></i> (2020)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine"><i>Hair Like Mine</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a></i> (2018 portrait)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">← George W. Bush</a></b></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></b></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" title="Category:Barack Obama">Category</a></b></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a><br />from the 13th district</b><br />1997–2004
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator_from_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator from Illinois">U.S. Senator from Illinois</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexi_Giannoulias" title="Alexi Giannoulias">Alexi Giannoulias</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford_Jr." title="Harold Ford Jr.">Harold Ford Jr.</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Keynote Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004</a>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States</b><br /><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois</a></b><br />2005–2008 <br /><small>Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a></b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b><br />2009–2017
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Laureate</b><br />2009
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial)
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></span><br /><small><i><b>as former president</b></i></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i>former president</i></b>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></span><br /><small><i><b>as former president</b></i></small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of 20</a></b><br />2009
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Barack Obama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_presidents&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the President of the United States"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a>*</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a>*</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidency" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency">Trump</a>*</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #EEF"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a>*</span></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span style="background-color: #EEF">* Denotes link to list of related timelines</span></li>
<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:President of the United States">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="List-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(2004_←)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2012)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(2004_←)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 ←</a>) <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">→ 2012</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*2008_United_States_elections_*Candidates_*Comparison_*Debates_*Congressional_support_*Fundraising_*Ballot_access_*Timeline_*Super_Tuesday_*Potomac_primary_*Super_Tuesday_II_*General_polls_*Statewide_general_polls_*International_polls_*International_reaction">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_elections" title="Template:2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_endorsements_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Congressional endorsements for the 2008 United States presidential election">Congressional support</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot access for the 2008 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 United States presidential election timeline">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday_II" title="2008 Super Tuesday II">Super Tuesday II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">General polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">Statewide general polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">International polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election">International reaction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">General polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Democratic<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Other candidates</a>:</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Chris Dodd</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Dodd 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Richardson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Vilsack 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">General polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican<br /> candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John McCain 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_liberal_support_for_John_McCain_in_2008" title="Democratic and liberal support for John McCain in 2008">Democratic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidential_candidacy_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin">candidacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Political positions of Sarah Palin">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Republican Party presidential candidates">Other candidates</a>:</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Cox" title="John H. Cox">John H. Cox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Gilmore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani" title="Political positions of Rudy Giuliani">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Duncan L. Hunter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Duncan L. Hunter 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_McKinney" title="Ray McKinney">Ray McKinney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Tancredo 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Fred Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tommy Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">Draft movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Democratic Party</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Draft_Mark_Warner_movement" title="Draft Mark Warner movement">movement</a>)</li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Republican Party</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Draft_Condi_movement" title="Draft Condi movement">movement</a>)</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">movement</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" title="Third party (United States)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chuck Baldwin 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li>
<li><b>VP nominee Darrell Castle</b></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Candidates</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Imperato" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Imperato">Daniel Imperato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">Convention</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cynthia_McKinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Cynthia McKinney">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Clemente" title="Rosa Clemente">Rosa Clemente</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Candidates</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Johnson_(West_Virginia_politician)" title="Jesse Johnson (West Virginia politician)">Jesse Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Mesplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Mesplay">Kent Mesplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kat_Swift" title="Kat Swift">Kat Swift</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Barr 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bob_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Bob Barr">positions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Candidates</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Imperato" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Imperato">Daniel Imperato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jingozian" title="Michael Jingozian">Michael Jingozian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kubby" title="Steve Kubby">Steve Kubby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stanhope" title="Doug Stanhope">Doug Stanhope</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">America's Independent Party</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li>
<li><b>VP nominee Brian Rohrbough</b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist Party">Objectivist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(politician)" title="Tom Stevens (politician)">Tom Stevens</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Candidates</b>:</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Ted_Weill" title="Ted Weill">Ted Weill</a></b></li>
<li><b>VP nominee Frank McEnulty</b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Candidates</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Nominee <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></b></li>
<li><b>Alternate nominee <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></b></li>
<li><b>VP nominee <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent / Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Stephen Colbert</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_(performance_artist)" title="Frank Moore (performance artist)">Frank Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Sharkey" title="Jonathon Sharkey">Jonathon Sharkey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
<ul><li>Other 2008 elections:</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2008 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(2008_←)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2016)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(2008_←)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 ←</a>) <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">→ 2016</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Fundraising_*_National_polls_*_Statewide_polls_(pre-2012,_early_2012)_*_Timeline_*_General_election_debates_*_Newspaper_endorsements_*_International_reactions_*_Hurricane_Sandy">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">National polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">International reactions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Democratic Party</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Incumbent nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Incumbent VP nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Challengers</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mosler" title="Warren Mosler">Warren Mosler</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Richardson" title="Darcy Richardson">Darcy Richardson</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republican Party</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan" title="Political positions of Paul Ryan">positions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Herman Cain 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Callahan" title="Mark Callahan">Mark Callahan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Newt Gingrich 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Newt_Gingrich" title="Political positions of Newt Gingrich">positions</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Greenleaf" title="Stewart Greenleaf">Stewart Greenleaf</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Karger" title="Fred Karger">Fred Karger</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._J._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. J. Harris (page does not exist)">R. J. Harris</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Person" title="Carl Person">Carl Person</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/R._Lee_Wrights" title="R. Lee Wrights">R. Lee Wrights</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd>
<dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Third Position Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></dd>
<dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_Party_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></dd>
<dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd>
<dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd>Jim Clymer</dd>
<dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd>Darrell Castle</dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd>Stephen Durham</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots-Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots-Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carlson_(businessman)" title="Jim Carlson (businessman)">Jim Carlson</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></dd>
<dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></dd>
<dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a></dd>
<dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></dd>
<dd>Stephen Durham</dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd>
<dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a></dd>
<dt>Candidates</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Richardson" title="Darcy Richardson">Darcy Richardson</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Stewart Alexander 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd>
<dt>VP nominee</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mendoza" title="Alejandro Mendoza">Alejandro Mendoza</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independents and others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Objectivist Party</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(politician)" title="Tom Stevens (politician)">Tom Stevens</a></dd>
<dt>Independents</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_Abramson" title="Lee Abramson">Lee Abramson</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Blythe" title="Randy Blythe">Randy Blythe</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Naked_Cowboy" title="Naked Cowboy">Robert Burck</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">draft</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_elections" title="2012 United States elections">Other 2012 elections</a>:</b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_History_**_Second_Party_System_**_Third_Party_System_**_Fourth_Party_System_**_Fifth_Party_System_**_Sixth_Party_System">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown" title="Benjamin Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Gassaway_Davis" title="Henry Gassaway Davis">H. Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li>
<li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–present)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–present)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman" title="Arthur Pue Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Kimbrough_Jones" title="James Kimbrough Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman" title="Arthur Pue Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clay_Stiles_Blackburn" title="Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Culberson" title="Charles Allen Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Barnum" title="William Henry Barnum">Barnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Kimbrough_Jones" title="James Kimbrough Jones">Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Comerford_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Comerford Walker">Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Samoa_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Samoa Democratic Party (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Conference_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary">United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Party factions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005 chairmanship election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017 chairmanship election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006 House Caucus leadership election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018 House Caucus leadership election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template talk:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">United States senators from Illinois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Baker" title="David J. Baker">Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_McCracken_Robinson" title="John McCracken Robinson">Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McRoberts" title="Samuel McRoberts">McRoberts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Semple" title="James Semple">Semple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">S. Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Browning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson" title="William Alexander Richardson">Richardson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(politician,_born_1815)" title="Richard Yates (politician, born 1815)">Yates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Moore_Cullom" title="Shelby Moore Cullom">Cullom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medill_McCormick" title="Medill McCormick">McCormick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Deneen" title="Charles S. Deneen">Deneen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Slattery" title="James M. Slattery">Slattery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Brooks" title="Charles W. Brooks">Brooks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas" title="Paul Douglas">P. Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" title="United States Senate" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Edwards" title="Ninian Edwards">Edwards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Kane" title="Elias Kane">Kane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_D._Ewing" title="William Lee D. Ewing">Ewing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Young" title="Richard M. Young">Young</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">Breese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Oglesby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Farwell" title="Charles B. Farwell">Farwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Mason_(American_politician)" title="William E. Mason (American politician)">Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Hopkins" title="Albert J. Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lorimer_(politician)" title="William Lorimer (politician)">Lorimer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Yates_Sherman" title="Lawrence Yates Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_B._McKinley" title="William B. McKinley">McKinley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otis_F._Glenn" title="Otis F. Glenn">Glenn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Dieterich" title="William H. Dieterich">Dieterich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Tyler_Smith" title="Ralph Tyler Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Stevenson III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Dixon" title="Alan J. Dixon">Dixon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Moseley Braun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Burris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">Kirk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%; clear:both; text-align:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:USCongRep-start&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s delegation(s) to the 109th–110th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a></b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">R. Durbin</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Obama</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">H. Hyde</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lane_Evans" title="Lane Evans">L. Evans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">D. Hastert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Costello" title="Jerry Costello">J. Costello</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">L. Gutiérrez</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_Manzullo" title="Don Manzullo">D. Manzullo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">B. Rush</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">R. LaHood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Weller" title="Jerry Weller">J. Weller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">J. Jackson II</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" title="Danny K. Davis">D. Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Shimkus" title="John Shimkus">J. Shimkus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judy_Biggert" title="Judy Biggert">J. Biggert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">J. Schakowsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(Illinois_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)">T. Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">M. Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">R. Emanuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Bean" title="Melissa Bean">M. Bean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">D. Lipinski</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a></b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">R. Durbin</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Obama</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left; padding-left:4px"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">D. Hastert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Costello" title="Jerry Costello">J. Costello</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">L. Gutiérrez</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_Manzullo" title="Don Manzullo">D. Manzullo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">B. Rush</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">R. LaHood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Weller" title="Jerry Weller">J. Weller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">J. Jackson II</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" title="Danny K. Davis">D. Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Shimkus" title="John Shimkus">J. Shimkus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judy_Biggert" title="Judy Biggert">J. Biggert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">J. Schakowsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(Illinois_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)">T. Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">M. Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">R. Emanuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Bean" title="Melissa Bean">M. Bean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">D. Lipinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hare" title="Phil Hare">P. Hare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roskam" title="Peter Roskam">P. Roskam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Foster_(politician)" title="Bill Foster (politician)">B. Foster</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Patriot_Act&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Titles&#95;_I_·_II_·_III_·_IV_·_V_·_VI_·_VII_·_VIII_·_IX_·_X_(History)"><b>Titles</b>
<a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_I" title="Patriot Act, Title I">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_II" title="Patriot Act, Title II">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_III" title="Patriot Act, Title III">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IV" title="Patriot Act, Title IV">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_V" title="Patriot Act, Title V">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VI" title="Patriot Act, Title VI">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VII" title="Patriot Act, Title VII">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VIII" title="Patriot Act, Title VIII">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IX" title="Patriot Act, Title IX">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_X" title="Patriot Act, Title X">X</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton" title="Carol Sutton">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_(hashtag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too (hashtag)">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1959−1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows</i> – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1959)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1960)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>FDR Speaks</i> – Robert Bialek (producer) (1961)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Humor in Music</i> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1962)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton</i> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1963)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1964)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy</i> – <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a></i> (1965)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him</i> – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1966)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years</i> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1967)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Gallant Men</i> – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1968)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Lonesome Cities</i> – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1969)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>We Love You Call Collect</i> – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1970)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam</i> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1971)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1972)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Lenny</i> – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1973)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1974)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Good Evening</i> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1975)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1976)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Great American Documents</i> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1977)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Harris (actress)">Julie Harris</a> (1978)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1979)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare</i> – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1980)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1981−2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1981)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1982)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a></i> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1983)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1984)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>The Words of Gandhi</i> – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1985)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1986)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions</i> – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1987)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1988)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1989)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>It's Always Something</i> – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1990)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1991)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1992)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS</i> – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1993)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Get in the Van</i> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1995)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Phenomenal Woman</i> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1996)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1997)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Charles Kuralt's Spring</i> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1998)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> (1999)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.</i> – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (2000)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001−2020</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) (2001)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones</i> – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2002)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2003)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2005)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2006)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / <i>With Ossie and Ruby</i> – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Always Looking Up</i> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't)</i> – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Society's Child</i> – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Diary of a Mad Diva</i> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox</i> – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2018)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Faith: A Journey for All</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2019)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2020)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2021−present</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2021)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1993)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1999)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2003)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2004)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2006)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2007)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2008)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2009)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2010)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2012)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2013)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2014)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2015)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a>, Justice League NYC, Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri, The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter, Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a>, Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley, Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2016)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2017)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2018)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2019)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (2020)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1914</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1923</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1928</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1932</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1939</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1943</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1948</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1955</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1956</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1966</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1967</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1972</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1973: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams_(peace_activist)" title="Betty Williams (peace activist)">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (United States, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (United States)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Israel)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> (Germany, Romania)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (United States)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (Hong Kong, United Kingdom, United States)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> (Canada, United States)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> (United States, Australia)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (United States)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (United Kingdom, United States)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (United States)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> (United States)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd>
<dd><b>2009 </b></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2010_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2010 Nobel Prize winners">2010</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2011 Nobel Prize winners">2011</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2012 Nobel Prize winners">2012</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2014 Nobel Prize winners">2014</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ak"><a href="https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Akan" lang="ak" hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%A3%E1%88%9B" title="ባራክ ኦባማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аҧсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك أوباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܒܪܐܩ ܐܘܒܐܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պարաք Օպամա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বাৰাক অ'বামা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বারাক ওবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Basa Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BE%B0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བ་རག་ཨོ་པྰ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ބަރަކް އޮބާމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastiin_al%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85j%C4%AF%CA%BC_dahsid%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_Barack_Obama" title="Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Barack Obama – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μπαράκ Ομπάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обамань Барак – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="奧巴馬 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="બરાક ઓબામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%9D%BD_%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%A7%88" title="버락 오바마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Բարաք Օբամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%95%8C%E1%92%83_%E1%90%85%E1%90%B9%E1%92%AA" title="ᐸᕌᒃ ᐅᐹᒪ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ברק אובמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬರಾಕ್ ಒಬಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="بَراک اؤبامہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81_%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ບາຣັກ ໂອບາມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baracus_Obama" title="Baracus Obama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/byRAK.obamas" title="byRAK.obamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ബറാക്ക് ഒബാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك اوباما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာရက် အိုဘားမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E" title="バラク・オバマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%9E_%DF%8F%DF%93%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߓߙߊߞ ߏߓߡߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਾਕ ਓਬਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="بارک اوبامہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک حسين اوباما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="បារ៉ាក់ អូបាម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक् ओबामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱵᱟᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="බරාක් ඔබාමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارڪ اوباما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraak_Obama" title="Baraak Obama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک ئۆباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பராக் ஒபாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="బరాక్ ఒబామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="บารัก โอบามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B9" title="ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netse_%C3%94hmo%27%C3%B4ht%C3%A1vaestse" title="Netse Ôhmo'ôhtávaestse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Hussein_Obama" title="Barack Hussein Obama – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارک اوباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك ئوباما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Barak" title="Obama Barak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拉克·奥巴马 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="באראק אבאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="奧巴馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="贝拉克·奥巴马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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