uccser/cs-field-guide

# Global Impact

## Overview

- EU 7.1 Computing enhances communication, interaction, and cognition.
- EU 7.2 Computing enables innovation in nearly every field.
- EU 7.3 Computing has a global affect — both beneficial and harmful — on people and society.
- EU 7.4 Computing innovations influence and are influenced by the economic, social, and cultural contexts in which they are designed and used.
- EU 7.5 An investigative process is aided by effective organization and selection of resources. Appropriate technologies and tools facilitate the accessing of information and enable the ability to evaluate the credibility of sources.

## Reading from the Computer Science Field Guide

CSFG content is not planned for these.

## Learning objectives

### LO 7.1.1 Explain how computing innovations affect communication, interaction, and cognition.

- EK 7.1.1A Email, SMS, and chat have fostered new ways to communicate and collaborate.
- EK 7.1.1B Video conferencing and video chat have fostered new ways to communicate and collaborate.
- EK 7.1.1C Social media continues to evolve and fosters new ways to communicate.

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# EXCLUSION STATEMENT (for EK 7.1.1C):
  
Detailed knowledge of any social media site is beyond the scope of this course and the AP Exam.

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- EK 7.1.1D Cloud computing fosters new ways to communicate and collaborate.
- EK 7.1.1E Widespread access to information facilitates the identification of problems, development of solutions, and dissemination of results.
- EK 7.1.1F Public data provides widespread access and enables solutions to identified problems.
- EK 7.1.1G Search trends are predictors.
- EK 7.1.1H Social media, such as blogs and Twitter, have enhanced dissemination.
- EK 7.1.1I Global Positioning System (GPS) and related technologies have changed how humans travel, navigate, and find information related to geolocation.
- EK 7.1.1J Sensor networks facilitate new ways of interacting with the environment and with physical systems.
- EK 7.1.1K Smart grids, smart buildings, and smart transportation are changing and facilitating human capabilities.
- EK 7.1.1L Computing contributes to many assistive technologies that enhance human capabilities.
- EK 7.1.1M The Internet and the Web have enhanced methods of and opportunities for communication and collaboration.
- EK 7.1.1N The Internet and the Web have changed many areas, including e-commerce, health care, access to information and entertainment, and online learning.
- EK 7.1.1O The Internet and the Web have impacted productivity, positively and negatively, in many areas.

### LO 7.1.2 Explain how people participate in a problem-solving process that scales.

- EK 7.1.2A Distributed solutions must scale to solve some problems.
- EK 7.1.2B Science has been impacted by using scale and "citizen science" to solve scientific problems using home computers in scientific research.
- EK 7.1.2C Human computation harnesses contributions from many humans to solve problems related to digital data and the Web.
- EK 7.1.2D Human capabilities are enhanced by digitally enabled collaboration.
- EK 7.1.2E Some online services use the contributions of many people to benefit both individuals and society.
- EK 7.1.2F Crowdsourcing offers new models for collaboration, such as connecting people with jobs and businesses with funding.
- EK 7.1.2G The move from desktop computers to a proliferation of always-on mobile computers is leading to new applications.

### LO 7.2.1 Explain how computing has impacted innovations in other fields.

- EK 7.2.1A Machine learning and data mining have enabled innovation in medicine, business, and science.
- EK 7.2.1B Scientific computing has enabled innovation in science and business.
- EK 7.2.1C Computing enables innovation by providing the ability to access and share information.
- EK 7.2.1D Open access and Creative Commons have enabled broad access to digital information.
- EK 7.2.1E Open and curated scientific databases have benefited scientific researchers.
- EK 7.2.1F Moore’s law has encouraged industries that use computers to effectively plan future research and development based on anticipated increases in computing power.
- EK 7.2.1G Advances in computing as an enabling technology have generated and increased the creativity in other fields.

### LO 7.3.1 Analyze the beneficial and harmful effects of computing.

- EK 7.3.1A Innovations enabled by computing raise legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1B Commercial access to music and movie downloads and streaming raises legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1C Access to digital content via peer-to-peer networks raises legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1D Both authenticated and anonymous access to digital information raise legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1E Commercial and governmental censorship of digital information raise legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1F Open source and licensing of software and content raise legal and ethical concerns.
- EK 7.3.1G Privacy and security concerns arise in the development and use of computational systems and artifacts.
- EK 7.3.1H Aggregation of information, such as geolocation, cookies, and browsing history, raises privacy and security concerns.
- EK 7.3.1I Anonymity in online interactions can be enabled through the use of online anonymity
software and proxy servers.
- EK 7.3.1J Technology enables the collection, use, and exploitation of information about, by, and for individuals, groups, and institutions.
- EK 7.3.1K People can have instant access to vast amounts of information online; accessing this information can enable the collection of both individual and aggregate data that can be used and collected.
- EK 7.3.1L Commercial and governmental curation of information may be exploited if privacy and other protections are ignored.
- EK 7.3.1M Targeted advertising is used to help individuals, but it can be misused at both individual
and aggregate levels.
- EK 7.3.1N Widespread access to digitized information raises questions about intellectual property.
- EK 7.3.1O Creation of digital audio, video, and textual content by combining existing content has been impacted by copyright concerns.
- EK 7.3.1P The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) has been a benefit and a challenge in making copyrighted digital material widely available.
- EK 7.3.1Q Open source and free software have practical, business, and ethical impacts on widespread access to programs, libraries, and code.

### LO 7.4.1 Explain the connections between computing and real-world contexts, including economic, social, and cultural contexts.

- EK 7.4.1A The innovation and impact of social media and online access varies in different countries and in different socioeconomic groups.
- EK 7.4.1B Mobile, wireless, and networked computing have an impact on innovation throughout the world.
- EK 7.4.1C The global distribution of computing resources raises issues of equity, access, and power.
- EK 7.4.1D Groups and individuals are affected by the "digital divide"—differing access to computing and the Internet based on socioeconomic or geographic characteristics.
- EK 7.4.1E Networks and infrastructure are supported by both commercial and governmental initiatives.

### LO 7.5.1 Access, manage, and attribute information using effective strategies.

- EK 7.5.1A Online databases and libraries catalog and house secondary and some primary sources.
- EK 7.5.1B Advance search tools, Boolean logic, and key words can refine the search focus, and/or limit their searches based on a variety of factors (e.g. data, peer-review status, type of publication).
- EK 7.5.1C Plagiarism is a serious offense that occurs when a person present another’s ideas or words as his or her own. Plagiarism may be avoided by accurately acknowledging sources.

### LO 7.5.2 Evaluate online and print sources for appropriateness and credibility.

- EK 7.5.2A Determining the credibility of a source requires considering and evaluating the reputation and credentials of the author(s), publisher(s), site owner(s), and/or sponsor(s).
- EK 7.5.2B Information from a source is considered relevant when it supports an appropriate
claim or the purpose of the investigation.